To highlight significant events or periods in history, they are commonly referred to as eras. We are already accustomed to the phrases "industrial era", "atomic era", "space era" - they indicate those phenomena of social life that amazed us.

But people usually do not stay under such a strong impression for long. Any, even the most important discovery in any field captures their attention only for a while, it marks the beginning of a new "era", but then the ninth wave of another innovation in one area or another rises, erasing this discovery from people's memory. And already another event, in turn, will be significant for them until the same fate befalls it - oblivion.

Eras overlap one another, and we even suspect that there is a kind of competition between them: which of the current events and phenomena of life will stand out more and attract the attention of peoples and governments? Sometimes it is difficult for us to accurately date these historical periods; the most we can do is to localize them in a certain century or even in several decades of one century.

If we say that we live in the information age, that would be partly true. Partly because the "information age" is flourishing at the same time as others who continue to be at the height of popularity. And partly because it is impossible to establish all the details of her birth, nor to accurately characterize her. It is curious that our world, so loving exact sciences and precise definitions, is forced to put up with such ambiguity, disguising it as certainty.

WHAT IS THE INFORMATION AND WHEN DID THE INFORMATION STARTED

Since the beginning of the era of information, there have been a great many definitions of the concept of "information". Informing is no longer just about communicating; Thousands of theories of information transmission have been developed: what facts, how, when, to whom and by what means to communicate ... So it would not be impudent on our part to offer another view of this problem, even if it cannot be called either completely new or completely old.

There is no doubt that informing means bringing something to someone's attention. The methods of informing have changed over the centuries, and systems for transmitting information have always existed, although today's ones are much faster and their range is much larger. It remains for us only to discuss whether they will become more perfect if they are even more improved.

In ancient times, when print media and special devices for transmitting sound and images did not yet exist, all news sooner or later became known to all people, unless they lived in the most distant, godforsaken corners of the world. The same is happening today - there are corners of the Earth that are unlucky (or lucky?) And whose inhabitants do not know exactly what is happening outside of their little world.

Travelers, warriors, pilgrims, itinerant singers and poets, official messengers or secret agents - they all talked about the events that took place in those cities and villages, palaces and taverns they visited. And just like today, the information was not pure, because the sources from which those who transmitted it drew were not pure. And they themselves could not help adding "salt and pepper" to what they knew - sometimes because of a special personal interest, and sometimes only in order to attract the attention of the public. To report an additional nuance or keep silent about it - just like now ...

Modern means of communication have changed the form of transmission of information, but not its spirit. Ever since printing was invented, and to this day, printed publications have multiplied, radios, televisions, tape recorders, videos, telephones, faxes and a host of other various devices, so wonderful that they can be considered magical, have appeared. They do offer new opportunities - but have the people who use them changed? Are they different from those who once just walked the roads?

MODERNITY AND FREEDOM OF INFORMATION

When it comes to media, it is not easy to establish a common denominator, as different countries have different situations. Where tyrannical regimes dominate, or where, although there is no apparent tyranny, there is control over information, news reflects the interests of certain groups and systematically appears with cuts.

But the advent of democracy had a significant impact on the widespread development and use of communications and influenced the spread of news. Now much more freely than ever before, they show everything that is happening in the world, praise or criticize, agree or disagree, appeal for justice or ask for support. It is easy to make the public take the side of a certain person, the government, so that it agrees with certain actions, opinions, or opposes them. Yes, information has become one of the forms of expression of freedom, but at the same time it has acquired the properties of the most dangerous weapon. Information can hold the masses, but the one who owns the information has more power than anyone else, because he can cause uncontrollable chain reactions.

History repeats a lot, changing only the details, and one of its inevitable and tragic events is war. How many pages of human life are filled with these waves of violence or heroism, opposition or solidarity! But the war continues, today it is at its apogee, and modernity has created a new weapon for the fight. It is the means of communication and the media that have become one of the most effective types of weapons, since they do not look like weapons, but, on the contrary, look like a means of liberation. However, information can do more harm than war, more than the worst of epidemics - it all depends on how you use it. And we can never be completely sure that those who have access to information will not use it to manipulate public opinion. Yesterday people thought so, today it is different, and tomorrow - who knows? .. If a person has not received a true education of the mind, his opinion, like a kite, will change its direction with every gust of wind.

FORMATION AND INFORMATION

Fantastic advances in communications could be a panacea for humanity. If the means of communication were devoted to the dissemination of education, knowledge, if they made available what the wisest people in the history of mankind thought and created, these means could play a formative role - educational and educational, and not just inform. A wide range of opportunities available to them, a huge number of people of all ages and living in different conditions to which they reach - all this could turn them into a real school of upbringing and education, worthy of the level of development of society that we call civilization.

But no. The tasks of the means of communication are reduced to informing, and in some cases to depressing deformation.

Let's see what this leads to in many cases.

Incomplete information

Although very few people dare to mention bills and censorship, they exist, for sure. But since they were previously accepted by someone and agreed with someone, what remains reaches people, including a whole scheme of arguments designed to fill in the voids that would otherwise be obvious.

Conflicting information

When there are so many media outlets all over the world at the same time, it is not strange that the opinions expressed by them do not coincide, creating confusion in the minds of people. As a result, a person becomes someone's supporter, not really knowing why and why, or, conversely, loses interest in what, one way or another, should affect everyone.

Disinformation as a means of manipulation

Sometimes what the media give out is completely contrary to reality; the point is not that we are provided with a lot or little information, but that false ideas are created that differ significantly from what actually happens. Why is information being manipulated? Because freedom is good until it ceases to be freedom. Or until she gets in the way. Or it has not yet been discovered that freedom also gives rise to distortion of the truth, if it is understood in a broad sense: "everyone does what he wants."

Inappropriate information

Mass information production allows at any moment and by any means to distribute any news, regardless of who receives it. Our children absorb an endless amount of vileness, as if it were the most natural thing in the world; lunch and dinner hours coincide with the news broadcasts, which show the most egregious atrocities, accompanied by restrained words and eerie images; before going to bed, we receive a summary of all the disasters of this day, and wake up to the forecast of new disasters.

Scandals and exaggerations

Competition requires an information product to look attractive. Therefore, it must be allocated at any cost. There is nothing easier than arousing an unhealthy interest sleeping in people, and this has already been achieved: the one who talks about the loudest scandal, the one who can reveal the secret of someone's personal life, get the most shameless photo or quote words that never pronounced, is a success. They make an elephant out of a fly, and besides, they assure that they personally saw this elephant and rode on it ... From hearing it becomes true, from suspicion - guilt. Let those who can defend themselves - it is always easier to slander than to prove the innocence of an unjustly accused. And curiously enough, this style of unhealthy information suffers good and honest professionals who, unwillingly, find themselves pushed aside by a community of manipulators and detractors.

We could continue the list, but we think that these examples are enough to demonstrate that in our modern world the media do not shape, but, on the contrary, deform the personalities of people.

WHAT THE INFORMATION CAN DO

What will be discussed below, although it may seem like praise to the censorship, has a completely different rationale. We are not talking about the need to deprive people of the right to know what is happening, but about the fact that it is necessary to prepare in advance, train them so that they are able to recognize and understand.

In other words, news should not travel uncontrollably. Yes, of course, given the rhythm in which our life passes, we must every day find out what is happening around the world, because what concerns a few, in the end, will affect everyone to a greater or lesser extent. But there is a huge distance from this to the need to make public all the gloomy events taking place in the world. The point is that as it conquers the land, information has to take up more and more space, and news is well suited for this. And when there is no news, you have to look for it, invent it or turn it into news, the most absurd fact, resorting to cheap psychological tricks.

Today on sale - violence, sex, crime, corruption, fanaticism ... And everything that happens must necessarily comply with fashion standards. And we shouldn't be surprised that young people try to imitate what they see on the news. We should not be surprised that children from a very early age become insensitive and calmly watch the worst acts of vandalism and aggression; for them - and for many who have ceased to be children - the hero is a rude and cunning man, and the rest are sentimental fools out of fashion. Even cartoons sow fear and horror, and you have to look for love and understanding from aliens, as if there was no love on earth or never was ...

It is enough that tragic events occur, this is already a misfortune, and there is no need to exaggerate them in the media. You can't even say that this is shown as an example - to prevent such cases. The opposite happens: in a world that shines with the absence of deep morality, the criminal becomes an example to follow. We are shown crimes, but not punishments; we are told about horrors and abominations, but not about their suppression. We learn about the bad that was good yesterday and the good that was bad before. And we no longer know who is who; on the contrary, we are given to understand that you can be anyone, just to stand out.

We believe that information, like any kind of human activity, has its limit - not the one that is imposed by the censorship of certain mentalities, but the one that has been established by life itself. We all spend part of the time with someone during the day, manifest ourselves outside, and spend part of the time alone - these are our personal hours. Although fashion imposes on us the wild habit of flaunting everything, the bathroom will never be equated with the library, and showering with the concert. Books, music - we can share them with someone, but the shower is for personal hygiene, and there is no need to announce publicly about every particle of dirt that we wash off our body.

In fact, we just want better quality information - good, healthy, valuable information that helps to create, live and improve, win ourselves. After all, we would all like it if culture occupied the same space as ignorance, dullness, banality - since we cannot fill everything with culture. We would like it if kind deeds and good words became more prestigious than rudeness, if subtle feelings were more respected than brutality and cruelty. Yes, we would like all this. And the best thing is that we have the means to do it!

After all, although we sometimes forget about it, we live in the era of information.

for the magazine "Man Without Borders"

Alexander Vasilenko
Head of the Representative Office of VMware in Russia and the CIS

In today's dynamic world, the principles of doing business are changing rapidly. Mobile and cloud technologies are fundamentally transforming today's markets and forcing companies to seek new ways to compete and interact with customers. To succeed in the digital age, businesses need to adapt to unpredictable, 24/7 changes.

A large number of new players appear all over the world who immediately start working with consumers in a new way. They take completely new approaches to developing products, services, and user interactions. It is not only about companies like Uber, Facebook, Airbnb and Alibaba, experts are talking about in general with might and main. The founder and president of the World Economic Forum in Davos, Klaus Schwab, put it this way: “Previously, a big fish ate a small one, but now a fast fish eats a slow one.”

New dynamic competitors are not burdened with the burden of outdated processes and infrastructures, and pose a real threat to conservative organizations. Those companies that deny this and do not want to accept the new paradigm of digital business run the risk of becoming less in demand and leaving the market altogether. Today, the question is not whether it is worth changing. Changes are necessary, everyone understands this. The question is how exactly to change and what to do? The new wave of IT innovation poses new strategic challenges for organizations.

1. Asymmetry in business

Today is the best time in history to become the first company in the industry to challenge the status quo. Thanks to the ubiquitous mobile cloud technology, fast-paced innovators have quick and easy access to a global network of “shared” online resources, including human resources, capital and a market of three billion Internet-connected people around the world. In today's asymmetrical business world, startups have nothing to lose, so they are actively moving to new business models that completely change the rules of the game. Large and reputable players must understand that long-term presence in the market will soon cease to be their competitive advantage. The requirement of the modern world is to innovate as a startup and operate at the level of a large corporation.

Think of Kodak, a film and photographic equipment manufacturer. The giant company, which was the leader in its industry, went bankrupt in 2013. But right now, every minute people around the world are taking more photographs than ever before. This is an example that companies that cannot adapt to change risk losing everything.

Banks are one of the most innovative industries along with IT companies. A prime example of an innovative IT-based business model is banks without physical branches, such as Tinkoff Bank, Touch Bank and many others. For traditional banks, the time is coming for active competition for the consumer, as many companies from other sectors begin to provide banking services. For example, telecom operators, internet companies and gadget manufacturers that offer services remittances, payment for services and much more.

2. The near future: the professional cloud era

While the cloud is a key driver of today's asymmetric business world, the cloud market itself is also changing rapidly. The cloud that the industry has created so far is a lot like an unfinished bridge: two free-standing towers that have little or no connection to each other. On the one hand, we have enterprise private clouds with well-managed but overly slow application delivery. On the other hand, there are external public clouds with fast application delivery but poor governance. We need to move to connected and interoperable clouds soon so that enterprises can run applications at the speed they need. Unified Hybrid Cloud is the future of IT and will become the industry standard for years to come.

According to IDC forecasts, in the next four years, the volume of the global market for public cloud services will grow by an average of 23% annually. The domestic market of cloud services, according to IDC forecasts, will grow much faster than the IT market as a whole, and by the end of 2016 its volume will amount to more than $ 460 million, the share of cloud services and related services will reach 13% of the Russian IT services market.

Let's imagine the infrastructure of companies in a couple of years. Business will appreciate the benefits of cloud computing and will use cloud resources on the IaaS model, as well as PaaS and SaaS. But for a large international company, the question arises: how to ensure the availability of all these computing resources in accordance with all requirements and regional characteristics? The solution is to create a single hybrid cloud space that will cover all private cloud computing. Hybrid apps will enable companies to provide employees with access to work apps and data from any device, anywhere, anytime. This is a unified management of the network and applications, as well as an overall level of security. Western companies already have examples of creating a single hybrid cloud. For example, the largest international hotel chain InterContinental Hotels Group, which transition to the cloud infrastructure allows to provide best service for 750 thousand numbers in 100 countries of the world.

3. Information security: protecting people, applications and data

We now have access to a wide variety of security solutions, however, cyber hacks and data thefts continue to occur with enviable regularity. What are we missing? The answer is a common, unified architecture that allows IT to streamline security controls and protect what is most important: people, applications, and data. In other words, modern systems it is precisely the architectural foundation that is lacking. To do this, you need to use a virtualization layer that will change the very essence of cybersecurity. For the first time in history, virtualization will become a critical element between the “bottom” IT infrastructure and the applications and data that lie above it. The use of virtualization as the main architecture is the beginning of the security renaissance. The main thing is not to miss the moment.

In 2015, there were several large-scale hacks and leaks, which led to multibillion-dollar damage. Affected companies include Anthem, Experian, Carphone Warehouse, Ashley Madison and TalkTalk. Almost every week the media get information about new vulnerabilities in mobile platforms and an increase in the number of cyber attacks. According to a study by InfoWatch, 723 leak cases were registered in the first half of 2015 confidential information, which is 10% more than the number of leaks registered for the same period in 2014. Russia has been ranked first in the leaks rating since 2013, and VTB-24, MTS, Russian Railways were among the companies that compromised the personal data of users.

The traditional hardware approach to security does not provide complete protection for a modern company, simply because it is impossible to deliver hardware to every server, user, mobile phone or virtual machine... A simple example is analog and mobile telephony. In both cases, you can talk on the phone, but the user can write an SMS only from a mobile phone. The security technology will be implemented in the form of software that will allow installing a firewall to any network component, be it a laptop or a server.

4. New wave of IT innovation: proactive technologies

Despite the huge amount of innovations available to us, all the technologies that we use today are fundamentally "reactive", that is, expecting commands from us. We are on the verge of transition to a new “proactive” technological model, within which software will be able to make decisions on our behalf, managing all processes - from routine daily tasks to revolutionary medical procedures performed by nanorobots in the human circulatory system.

An example of such technologies is now “ smart House"Based on, analytical systems in production, as well as a variety of wearable and mobile devices... For control physical indicators body, various fitness bracelets and other "smart" accessories come to the fore, the main functions of which are to measure heart rate, number of steps, physical activity, calories burned. Soon, the technology of fitness bracelets will allow for a more complete diagnosis of the body and, in case of deterioration in performance, automatically send data to the hospital. Thus, the patient will be able to receive timely medical assistance in emergency situations. Or the supercomputer IBM Watson, which can analyze gigantic amounts of information, structure data and logically construct parameters, which makes it possible to diagnose some types of cancer even now better than the most experienced specialists.

This just proves the fact that in the near future "smart" things will help to predict all processes several steps ahead.

5. Technological change will change industry leaders

Without a doubt, all of these technological changes will have a huge impact on businesses around the world. According to forecasts, within the next ten years, 40% of joint stock companies participating in the S&P 500 stock index will cease to exist. In other words, 4 out of 10 modern industry leaders will merge with other companies by 2025, change their form of organization, or simply leave the market after Kodak. The fundamental shift within the tech sector will be even more pronounced. We predict that half of the current Tech 100 companies will disappear within 10 years. The last major challenge facing both large and small companies is to make every effort to stay relevant and relevant. Inaction is the biggest risk today. As IT drives change, they have a chance to become entrepreneurs and innovators at the forefront of this change.

This is a historical period in which human society carries out its activities "within the theoretical paradigm determined by information communication technologies, which are based on electronics and genetic engineering." The information age is characterized by extensive reproduction of information and knowledge; the economy is global and has an informational character, that is, the availability of timely and necessary information becomes a factor in the successful competition of organizations.
Development information technologies, new methods of communication requires the creation of a flexible network management structure in the socio-economic system, focus on innovation, information, intellectual property, new technologies for organizing business processes, delegation of authority, responsibility, independence of organizational elements with a single culture.
Changing the structure of the socio-economic system is impossible without changing the organizational culture, since, as mentioned above, the organizational culture has a structure-forming function, and, in addition, has a direct impact on the process of self-organization of the system.
The organizational structure can be of two types: traditional hierarchical and networked. Hierarchical structures are the most common linear-functional, divisional structures. Networking relies on the interaction of elements and horizontal connections.
A change in the structure is associated with a change in the connections and relationships between elements: their interactions, risk distribution, etc.
So, if in traditional hierarchical structures the risk is minimized by unification, strict control, then in network structures the risk is distributed among the elements of the organization. Risk sharing, flexibility of diverse relationships, and cultural cohesion ensure the sustainability and survival of the system despite external shocks and changes.
Examples of such a structure include churches, well-functioning firms, informal organizations, and communities of people. If in old system Since management was focused on vertical ties and hierarchy, in the new management model, the emphasis should be placed on horizontal ties, which will provide the necessary share of independence to the members of the organization.
It should be noted that flexible structure does not imply a lack of structure. IN network model there is no control hierarchy, but there are
different levels, and they are determined not by the position held, a step in the hierarchy, but by professionalism, competence.
In the modern conditions of the functioning of organizations, labor relations are changing (that is, the relations between the elements of the social system change their character): the significance of social status, position becomes less than the possession of information, and professionalism. Information technology allows workers of many specialties to be outside the workplace, outside the organization, and even outside the city and country.
Thus, in the formation and development of organizational culture, it should be borne in mind that it directly affects the structure of the socio-economic system, forms new relationships and connections between people as elements of the system.

Information era

“Cyberspace consists of interactions and relationships, thinks and builds itself like a standing wave in the interweaving of our communications. Our world is everywhere and nowhere at the same time, but not where our bodies live. " (John Barlow's Declaration of Independence for Cyberspace - an example of Internet traffic is shown in the figure)

Sociologist Manuel Castells explains the term as follows:

Relationship with other theories and concepts

The concept of the information age is closely related to the theoretical developments of sociologists D. Bell, E. Toffler, P. Drucker, M. Castells and M. McLuhan. Each of them contributed to the development of the concept of a post-industrial (or informational) society, which is the next step in the development of human society.

Prerequisites of origin

IE has its own prerequisites for the information revolution in the field of information technology (creation of the first computers - Z3, Atanasov's computer - Berry, MESM, ENIAC, invention of transistors, miniaturization, global networks). These advances have made it possible to create complex technical systems, which made it possible to process huge volumes of information in comparison with previous years.

In parallel, the scientific basis for the efficient operation and management of these systems was developed. The lack of a mechanistic explanation of the processes in the world has led to the emergence of a new approach in research metology - a systematic approach. In the middle ΧΧ st. N. Wiener created a new science of interconnections and control of systems - cybernetics, and the information theory developed by K. Shannon made it possible to approach information as a definite quantity that can be measured and transmitted over long distances without loss of quality.

All this laid the foundation for the information revolution, the main consequence of which was the ever-increasing importance of high-quality, necessary information.

Main features

Economy

Along with the development of the information society, a transition to a service economy is predicted, which is based not on the production of goods, but on the provision of services.

Culture

There is a tendency towards mass character in culture, mass culture arises and develops. A number of subcultures are emerging with their own unique characteristics: language (argot), preferences, values. The emergence of eSports, in which world competitions are regularly held. Popularity grows social networks and online media - vast distances are turning into nothing, the world is becoming a “global city”. The search for one's identity becomes a problem, and violence is one of the main means of self-expression (M. McLuhan, "McLuhan's Awakening").

In one of his speeches, Marshall McLuhan notes the birth of a new, electronic (ie informational) person: “We are talking about a literate person: a literate person absorbs everything like a sponge, which a new electronic person does not want to do. So, literacy is rolling down the hill. " The issue of forming a new information culture in people is acute.

Politics

The widespread use for social interaction of the latest information processing tools (personal computers, mobile phones etc.) made it possible to quickly process large amounts of information, which can flow more quickly from the source to the consumer. The related increase in the role of the media in the organization of society makes possible new forms of government in society - netocracy and mediacracy.

The growing role of information as a resource has led to the official recognition by the leading states of the world of a new type of war - information war (eng. Information warfare), the purpose of which is not to physically destroy the enemy, but using information ( information operations, psychological operations) receive and consolidate competitive advantage over him, that is, to make the enemy dependent in terms of his own informational self-sufficiency, to impose on him the use of such information resources that would primarily serve their own interests (the state or corporation).

Challenges and trends

These changes have not only brought new challenges to mankind associated with the directly proportional dependence of the intensity of informatization and urbanization with an increase in the number of diseases associated with physical inactivity and constant stress of the city dweller (total "obesity" of the inhabitants of developed countries), but also made it possible as never before to implement the provisions of the ancients thinkers of humanity - first of all, the introduction of positive aspects of concepts such as the noosphere and co-evolution.

Choosing the right information is one of the challenges. Waves of spam and flooding (and not only on the Internet, but also in the media) sometimes make receiving really necessary, useful information difficult task. And the widespread use of funds computing technology poses a number of new challenges to the information security of individual organizations, individuals and entire states (see competitive intelligence, industrial espionage, cyberwar).

The use of network technologies (based on information) made possible not only the total pooling of the resources of all mankind, but also terrorist acts unprecedented in the history of mankind (9/11, The Tragedy of Nord-Ost, Explosions in the London Underground). Terrorism has become a serious problem.

see also

Notes (edit)

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

See what the "Information Age" is in other dictionaries:

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The Digital Revolution is a widespread transition from analogue to digital technologies that began in the 1980s and continued in the first decades of the 21st century; fundamental changes associated with the widespread dissemination of information and communication technologies, which began in the second half of the 20th century, and became the prerequisites for the information revolution, which, in turn, predetermined the processes of globalization and the emergence of a post-industrial economy. The main driving forces ...

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