Installing InterBase Administration Tools InterBase always comes with command line administration tools. These are very powerful tools that we will continually use to work through the examples in this book. However, users are used to

Appendix A Development Assistant Tools Developing error-free and fast Linux programs requires more than an understanding of the Linux operating system and its system calls. This appendix will discuss techniques for finding period errors

Appendix 1. Tools for system analysis P1.1. AVZ program The AVZ program (Zaitsev Anti-Virus) is a very useful utility, and it has helped me out more than once since the days of Windows XP. Then I used Kaspersky Anti-Virus, which did not know how to work in safe mode. It turned out like this -

A user of a modern operating system from Microsoft may need to learn how to administer Windows to manage his PC.

To do this, the OS provides many different tools that provide control of the computer using both the keyboard and mouse,.

Most ordinary users, who turn on a computer to run a game or log into the Internet, do not need to understand the administrative features.

But, if you use these functions already built into the system, you can significantly make your life easier when performing any task on your PC.

Entering the Computer Control Menu

To start basic administration tools, open the management tab. This can be done in two ways:

• Enter the "Start" menu and by right-clicking on the "Computer" item, select "control";
• Pressing the "Win" and "R" keys, opening the command execution window and entering compmgmtlauncher. After the first launch, the command will be saved, and you can no longer type it every time, but choose from the drop-down list.

After that, the system management window opens, where all the main tools are presented that will allow you to fully customize it for your needs.

The same programs and services can be run separately (for which there are special commands) or through the "Administration" item.

It will also be useful when removing traces of any applications (including viruses, although not required).

You can start the editor by opening the run window (Win + R) and entering the regedit command.

When editing it, remember that it is worth changing only those items in the purpose of which the user is sure.

Otherwise, you can disrupt the computer and even lead to the need to reinstall programs, drivers or the entire operating system.

Local Users and Groups Editor

The ability to edit both individual PC users and their groups is not provided for all versions of Windows - only for professional ones.

But with its help, you can configure the system and the ability to access it for different people, allowing them to use some programs, and prohibiting others from starting.

Services

The services tab provides access to the list. All services available in the operating system, including those that are running or disabled, are listed here.

Some of them work automatically, and you should not interfere with the work of these processes without special need.

However, there are services that are manually controlled - this can be, for example, a program or a utility for updating it.

Computer disk management

Not only an experienced user may need to manage computer disks.

Sometimes some of the disks (especially when using multiple hard drives or outdated file systems such as FAT32) after reinstalling the system become invisible.

And to find them, you have to go to this control menu.

Using the disk management utility, you can enable and disable various partitions on hard drives connected to a PC, change their names and letters.

And you can also solve the problem with a non-opening flash drive here without using third-party programs.

Device Manager

To install new hardware and resolve driver issues, you cannot do without using the device manager built into the system.

In addition, while working with the list of devices, you can enable or disable them.

And also to find out information about each, which may be required, for example, to check the compliance of the computer configuration with the requirements of the program (game).

Task Manager

The task manager has quite a few functions.

First of all, it turns out to be useful when searching for malicious programs (viruses) that launch extraneous processes for the computer to execute.

Here, on Windows 8 and 10, applications are configured that automatically load along with the system ("Startup").

Developments

A utility for viewing system events is not always useful, even for an experienced PC user and administrator of a group of such computers.

However, using this tool, you can easily determine the cause of the problem.

True, its use requires special knowledge, without which it is better not to take any action.

Windows provides systematic scheduling for a number of tasks. Thanks to this utility, you can schedule, for example, periodic defragmentation or disk check.

Although it is also used by some malicious programs.

So, when getting rid of viruses, it is worth checking the scheduler too.

System monitor

Using the "system monitor" utility, you can get data on the load of some components of the PC - memory, processor and paging file.

And a lot of other useful information about the operation of the system.

Resource Monitor

Some of the Windows data is available directly from the Task Manager.

However, the Resource Monitor provides a more complete picture of the PC resource utilization by all processes in the system. To do this, click the "Start" button.

In the search box, type Resource Monitor, and then select Resource Monitor from the list of results.

Firewall

A standard firewall is designed to provide network security. Most antiviruses will not be effective without it.

If you use the additional settings of the utility, you can significantly reduce the likelihood of hacking your PC and getting viruses on it.

Important! However, the use of a firewall can also interfere with the launch of other necessary programs that have to be added to its list of exceptions.

Remote administration

The computer can be administered directly by the user himself, but in some cases it becomes necessary to provide remote control.

The reason is usually the inability to independently deal with system problems.

And, so that an experienced user does not have to be physically present at the computer, there is the possibility of remote administration.

Sometimes such an opportunity is required for the user himself, working on a home computer from home or vice versa.

To provide access to one PC from another, you need to install and configure a special program. Most often they use the application for this.

The capabilities of this popular program include simple remote access that even an inexperienced user can handle.

In addition, TeamViewer is easy to install and has a relatively easy access method.

It is enough to enter the computer ID and its password, after which it is possible to administer the system, which is physically located even several thousand kilometers away.

conclusions

Using the Windows system administration utilities can be a good option for monitoring all the processes taking place on the computer.

However, without the appropriate knowledge, you should not try to make changes to the operation of the OS, as this can lead to serious consequences.

Administration in Windows 7

Understanding the Administrative Tools section of the Windows 7 Control Panel

Typically, administration tools are installed when you install SQL Server 2000 itself. However, they can be added separately. Thus, one computer can only have administration tools, while the other only has SQL Server 2000 itself (the so-called Engine). The SQL Server 2000 tools are designed so that they can be used with any SQL Server 2000 server on your local network. Moreover, the SQL Server 2000 administration tools can be used to manage and manage SQL Server 7.0 servers. Administration of SQL Server 6.x servers should be performed using the administration tools supplied with these versions.

Most of the administrative tasks in SQL Server 2000 can be performed using the following methods:

· Using the means of Transact-SQL;

· Using the Enterprise Manager graphical interface;

· Command line utilities;

· With the help of wizards.

The most difficult thing is to complete the task by means Transact-SQL, as this requires knowledge of command syntax and stored procedures, as well as the ability to use the Query Analyzer tool (or any other similar tool). However, using Transact-SQL tools gives the user direct access to system data.

Enterprise Manager implemented as an MMC module, on the basis of which the SQL Server Administration Console is generated. Microsoft Management Console (MMC) is a new development from Microsoft and implements a unified user interface, providing an integrated environment for administering network resources. Almost all new products are managed using a single MMC interface. Each application has a special module containing all the necessary information about the configuration and administration parameters. MMC uses this module to build an application-specific administration interface.

The MMC contains at least one window with two panels. The left pane, called the overview pane, contains the namespace. The namespace is displayed as a tree of nodes, which are either objects or containers. When a node in a namespace is selected, the contents of the node are reflected in the right pane, called the output. If an object is selected, the characteristics of this object will be displayed. If a container is selected, then the resulting panel will display all the objects and containers that it contains. The list of all possible actions on an object is presented in its context menu, invoked by pressing the right mouse button.

An important feature of MMC is the ability to save the configured console in a file with the extension .msc... This file is small and can be distributed over the web or by email.

Figure 7. Enterprise Manager window.

MMC facilitates the administration of corporate networks. MMC allows the administrator to create task-oriented consoles, which contain only the utilities and tools necessary for solving a specific task. The main system administrator of an enterprise can create consoles for administrative groups of structural divisions that perform highly specialized tasks, for example, backing up databases or managing the mail server.

Enterprise Manager is the basic tool for a wide variety of tasks:

· Management of the security system;

· Creation of databases and their objects;

· Creation and restoration of backups;

· Configuring the replication subsystem;

· Manage the parameters of the SQL Server 2000 services;

· Management of the automation subsystem;

· Start, stop and suspend services;

· Configuring linked and remote servers;

Creating, managing and executing DTS packages

The above list does not exhaust all areas of application of Enterprise Manager and can be easily expanded.

Enterprise Manager is a fairly easy-to-use tool, while at the same time it covers almost all administrative tasks that an administrator will face. Of course, various non-standard situations cannot be solved with the help of this tool, and you will have to turn to Transact-SQL tools. Do not think of Enterprise Manager as a tool for inexperienced users who cannot work with Transact-SQL tools and strive to master the syntax of commands and stored procedures. Solving some tasks with Transact-SQL is so difficult that it can save you a lot of time and use it more efficiently.

The Enterprise Manager toolbar contains a menu Action(Action), View(kind) and Tools(service). The menu configuration and the list of available commands depend on which object is currently selected. Menu Action(Action) contains the same set of commands as the context menu of an object. Menu View(view) allows you to change the way information is presented in the resulting Enterprise Manager panel. Using the menu Tools(service) additional tools become available. Here you can invoke both SQL Server utilities (such as Profiler and Query Analyzer) and applications external to SQL Server. An example Enterprise Manager window is shown in Figure 7.

SQL Server Service Manager. The sole purpose of the SQL Server Service Manager utility is to provide the user with a convenient mechanism for starting, stopping, and pausing SQL Server 2000 services. In addition, it only allows you to prevent or allow the automatic start of a particular service when the operating system boots.

Figure 8... An example of a SQL Server Service Manager utility window.

The Service Manager utility is installed when you install SQL Server 2000 and, by default, automatically starts when the operating system boots. In its normal state, the Service Manager utility is represented by an icon on the right side taskbar (taskbar). Double-clicking the icon will open a program window that allows you to start, stop, and pause SQL Server 2000 services, and enable or disable them from starting automatically when the operating system boots. An example of the SQL Server Service Manager utility window is shown in Figure 8.

In addition to the already discussed utilities that have a graphical interface, SQL Server 2000 includes a set command line utilities., with which you can also perform various tasks. Some of these utilities are used automatically by the server and are part of the SQL Server 2000 kernel rather than utilities. These utilities are automatically copied by the installation wizard to the Binn directory of the SQL Server 2000 installation directory, but can be run from any other directory, as the wizard configures the PATH environment variable accordingly. Table 5 lists the command line utilities available to the user when working with SQL Server 2000. It should be noted that command line utilities are case sensitive. In some cases, parameters typed in different registers can lead to different actions.

Table 5... Command line utilities

Many MS SQL Server 2000 administration tasks can be performed using the wizards. This is the easiest way to perform administrative tasks. The disadvantage of the wizards is their rather limited capabilities.

Table 6... SQL Server Wizards

However, this does not apply to some masters. These include the wizard for configuring the replication subsystem, which is a rather complicated process. For example, to create a publication using Enterprise Manager, you need to use the corresponding wizard. Of course, you can always use Transact-SQL tools. But sometimes it is so difficult and time consuming that the best solution would be to use a wizard.

The wizards are launched with the button Run a wizard in the Enterprise Manager window or by running the appropriate utility on the command line. Table 6 lists the wizards available in SQL Server 2000.

1.6. Review questions for chapter 1

1. Conduct an overview of the versions of MS SQL Server 2000. Highlight their features and differences.

2. Determine the scope for each version of MS SQL Server 2000.

3. List the ways in which client applications and the database server interact.

4. Describe the process of interaction of client applications with MS SQL Server 2000.

5. What is the difference between network and non-network connection of client applications and the database server?

6. What levels and components can the client application software be divided into when interacting with the database server?

7. What tiers and components can you divide your database server software into?

8. List the components of MS SQL Server 2000 and their main functions.

9. Describe how the SQLServerAgent, MSSearch, and MSDTC services interact with the MSSQLServer service.

10. List the system databases MS SQL Server 2000. Describe the purpose and content of the system databases?

11. Describe the composition and purpose of the required system tables in the system databases MS SQL Server 2000.

12. Describe the composition and purpose of additional system tables in the master and msdb system databases.

13. List the main MS SQL Server 2000 administration tools.

14. List the tasks that can be solved using the Enterprise Manager utility.

15. List the tasks that can be solved by using the Service Manager utility.

16. List the composition and purpose of the MS SQL Server 2000 command line utilities.

17. List the composition and purpose of the MS SQL Server 2000 wizards.

INSTALLING SQL SERVER 2000

The installation process is designed in such a way that even a user who has never worked with SQL Server 2000 can install the server. As with any installation, there are some preparatory steps to take before you begin installing SQL Server 2000.

In 2009, Microsoft introduced the new operating system Windows 7. In addition to a large number of innovations, this OS has implemented many tools for managing almost all key settings of the Windows 7 system. System administration provides the ability to manage users, groups, files and folders, access to them, security system, printers, etc.

Windows 7 views

There are several variants of the Windows 7 operating system. They are designed for different tasks and areas of use, and, accordingly, have different capabilities and administration tools.

The most common Windows modifications are Ultimate, Professional, and Home. Windows 7 administration has its own characteristics in each type of OS. The most complete administration package is provided in Windows 7 Ultimate, as it is versatile for both work and entertainment. Least of all settings in Windows 7 Starter. It is designed to solve basic tasks, is installed on low-power laptops or netbooks, and is often intended for a pre-sale demonstration of the capabilities of computer technology.

Why do I need to get administrator rights

To fully administer Windows 7, you must have administrator rights. The user that is created when Windows is installed has rather limited rights for security reasons. Malicious programs or viruses will not run under the account of the current user, important system files will not be accidentally deleted, and any significant damage to the files necessary for the OS will not be caused. But there are also some unpleasant moments. When installing some programs, for example, office programs, the user may face the fact that the changes made in the system are not saved or the installed programs malfunction and do not save data. When investigating the reasons, it turns out that the user does not have enough rights to certain operations, for example, to write files to the Program Files folder.

Ways to get administrator rights

To have more rights to administer Windows, you need to increase your privileges in the system. This can be done in different ways. Two of them are most commonly used:

Through the user management window. On the keyboard, type the combination "WIN + R", in the window that opens, type the name of the snap-in lusrmgr.msc and click "OK". In the "Local users and groups" window that opens, go to the "Users" item. On the administrator account, right-click the menu and select the "Properties" item, in which you can uncheck the box for disabling the account. Then select the end, click "OK" and reboot the device.

Administration of Windows 7 may be needed for a short time, for example, to run a program that is unstable in normal mode. To do this, right-click on the program and select "run as administrator" from the menu. In this case, the program will work with elevated rights.

To enable elevated rights for permanent work, you must run the command line as an administrator, enter the line "net user Administrator / active: yes" (provided that you enable the administration of Windows 7 Russian version), and then press Enter. After rebooting, you will be able to select an administrator account from the welcome screen along with other accounts.

It should be borne in mind that permanent work under the administrator account is carried out with a very low level of protection, since all programs, including virus and malware, will be launched with maximum privileges.

Entering Computer Control Center

This is where Windows 7 administration is most convenient through basic computer management tools. You can get there in different ways. The easiest one is to right-click on the “My Computer” icon and select “Manage” or “Tools” separately. There are also options for launching through the "Administration" panel in or through the command line with the command compmgmtlauncher. This snap-in brings together commonly used Windows 7 administration tools such as service and disk management, event viewer, and other management tools. Experienced users and administrators in case of system failures can quickly find the problem, just by examining the system lags in the "Event Viewer" branch. Logs are kept for almost all events occurring in the system, from the start of services when the computer is turned on and ending with recording user actions in the system.

Windows service management

On the service management tab, you can see a list of services and their status. It is possible to change the mode and parameters of their operation and launch. Windows 7 service administration is often used to infect a computer with viruses that add themselves as a service and run when the computer boots. To combat them, you need to stop the service, and then remove it from the startup list.

and device manager

No less important is the administration of Windows 7 disks. This makes it possible not only to create partitions on the hard disk, but also to resize them, assign them names and an alphabetic identifier under which it appears in the system. This section of the control panel is used if the flash drive is not detected in the system or the drive letter is not specified. When connecting new disks in the snap-in, you can assign them sizes, perform formatting and other operations.

Information about the hardware of the computer can be seen in the device manager. There are times when the new hardware is not detected by the system and you have to look for drivers for it, no one knows where. Administration in Windows 7 allows you to view information not only on installed devices, but also on those for which drivers were not found. The properties of each device indicate a unique identifier of the device, the group to which the device belongs. According to these parameters, you can easily find a driver for a new device. Most often, problems arise with video card drivers, Wi-Fi adapters, etc.

Remote administration tools allow you to configure the system and eliminate errors in the operation of programs and the operating system remotely via the internal network or via the Internet. Remote administration of Windows 7 is not possible in all types of OS, the connection is configured only for corporate, professional and maximum versions (you can see the version of the operating system in the "Computer Properties").

The built-in Remote Desktop utility allows an administrator to connect to a computer and make certain settings on it without affecting the user's session. To activate the connectivity, you need to go to the Control Panel, and then in the system properties make changes to the item "Configuring Remote Access". With remote connection enabled and enabled, remote administration of Windows 7 is easy.

Account administration

The operating system provides for the administration of Windows 7 accounts. It is possible to manage not only local accounts (creating new, editing, deleting existing ones, changing the password, etc.), but also remote access user accounts. As mentioned above, for security reasons it is recommended that you create a user account and log in with it. Since it is with reduced privileges, in the event of a virus infection or with little user experience, the harm to the system files will be minimal.

If there are multiple users on the computer, you can create multiple accounts. The user is selected when logging into the system on the welcome window. Each user can customize personal system settings, such as shortcuts and desktop backgrounds, which are stored in the user's personal profile. The administrator has the ability to work with all computer user profiles.

Network administration

Another important administration subject is configuring network parameters. To start Windows 7, you need to go to the "Start - Control Panel - Network and Internet" menu. Most often, administration consists of creating and setting up file and folder sharing on home devices, as well as access to a printer on the home network.

There are also convenient options such as "Diagnostics and Troubleshooting", which allows you to quickly diagnose and find network problems.

Lecture 4. Computer software

Composition of software

Software("Software", Software) (software), as it were, is superimposed on the hardware of the computer, allowing the user to interact with it. The software includes the following components.

· Application software Is a class of programs designed to perform user tasks and having intelligent user-friendly interface(office programs, CAD, audio file player, etc.).

· System software Is a class of programs that provide several types of interface: hardware and software interface; software interface; user interface(operating system (OS) with a set of tools (utilities) for administration and configuration, as well as the basic input-output system (BIOS)).

· Middleware Are database servers, application servers and other server programs that are accessed through the client side (email server, ICQ instant message server, Web server, etc.)

· Programming tools Are programs designed to create system, application and middleware.

Computer system software

The open source software is designed to ensure the interaction of user application programs with computer hardware. System software (SSS) includes (Fig.):

· Basic input / output system (BIOS);

· Operating system kernel;

· Device drivers;

· Operating system services (Utilities);

· System shells;

· Administration tools;

· System programming tools.

BIOS Basic Input / Output System

The BIOS subsystem performs the following functions.

· Power On Hardware Test - all vital computer devices are tested. The device may not function properly or be absent, which makes the operation of the OS impossible. In this case, the OS boot process is interrupted.

· Launching the OS loader — after the testing is completed successfully, the OS loader is launched, which loads the OS kernel into the computer's memory, and the main control is transferred to the OS.

· Control and adjustment of some parameters of the computer hardware - system bus frequency, processor clock frequency, etc.

The BIOS chip is shipped with the motherboard.

Operating system kernel

The OS kernel is constantly in the computer's RAM until it is turned off, and the functioning of all other software components, both system and application, occurs only through interaction with the OS kernel.

The OS kernel performs the following functions: provides loading of system and application programs, allocates software resources, ensures the interaction of programs with each other and with the computer hardware.

Device Drivers

The configuration of a computing system may include various models of monitors, printers, scanners, sound and video cards, and other equipment. Each equipment developer applies special programs to it - drivers for the main operating systems that ensure the interaction of devices with the OS, and through it provide access to a specific device for application programs.

Operating system services

This is a special type of program that must constantly wait for requests from other programs or monitor the state of some parameters of the operating system. They are called services, services or demons... Such programs start and end at the same time as the OS. An example would be a print service: this service can receive documents at the same time from several programs (computers), queue them up, and then print them one by one after turning on the printer.

System shells

Operating system shell (from the English shell - shell) - command interpreter operating system, which provides an interface for user interaction with OS functions. System shells are special programs in which all basic commands are carried out in a simpler, clearer and more convenient way than the OS commands themselves.

In general, a distinction is made between shells with two types of user interface: text user interface (TUI) and graphical user interface (GUI)... The user interface in Windows OS is built on the basis of the standard for the graphical window interface Windows: Desktop, Start Menu, Task bar, standardized program windows. The latest versions of the Windows operating system use an integrated environment as their graphical system shell. Explorer Windows. Conductor Windows is a visual file management environment. Window example Conductor is shown in Fig. 1.

Rice. 1. An example of a program window Conductor Windows

With the help of system shells, the same operations are performed as commands in the OS:

· Creating and viewing the contents of directories and folders;

· Navigation in the file structure of the computer disk memory;

· Copying, renaming, deleting folders and files;

· Viewing the contents of files;

· Launching programs for execution, etc.

Administration tools

In the operating system, it is necessary to solve a number of tasks that are related to system administration tasks... These include: adding, removing and assigning user rights, installing and removing applications; adding and configuring new devices; configuring the graphical interface; setting up network connections; ensuring a sufficient level of protection against unauthorized actions, etc. For these purposes, a number of programs are used, called system administration utilities.