In Windows OS, applications, folders, documents are considered as objects, therefore, the user is provided with the possibility of the so-called object-oriented approach.

All objects have certain properties, and certain operations can be performed on them. For example, documents have a certain size, they can be copied, moved, renamed. The windows are sized and resizable. Folders can be opened, copied, moved, renamed. Although each of these objects has different properties, you can perform different actions with them, the technology of working with objects and the interface are universal. This allows the user to achieve consistency when working with different objects.

You can get acquainted with the properties of any object, as well as perform operations on it allowed for it, by calling context menu.

Basic concepts of Windows OS:

1. Document- any file created by the user.

2. Tool- a program with which the user's documents are created and edited.

3. Folder- serves to streamline the storage of documents (analogue of a directory in MS DOS). A folder, like a directory, can contain subfolders.

4. Basket- technology that allows you to throw out unnecessary documents.

5. Pictogram or an icon - a conventional graphic symbol, provided with an inscription and uniquely related with the corresponding object.

6. Label- a conditional graphic symbol with the help of which a link to an object is organized. This is the path to an object that is stored elsewhere, or special file communication. Multiple shortcuts can be organized for the same object; deleting a shortcut does not delete the object itself.

7. Desktop - hidden folder\ Windows \ Desktop - it can't be absolutely clean. Typically, the desktop contains special folders "My Computer", Trash, My Documents and "Network Neighborhood". It is advisable to create shortcuts on the desktop for quick access to the most frequently used disks, folders and documents.

8. Command center... There are several of them in Windows9x. These are special application and control programs.

Taskbar (Start button - programs, documents, settings, help, run, stop and shutdown; buttons for all open folders and programs);

My computer (a tool that allows you to get information about the composition of your computer, disks, folders);

Printers;

Control Panel;

Network Neighborhood (a tool that provides fast access to network resources - disks, printers common to all computers on the network)

A control element is a standard object used by the OS to enter various kinds of information.

Basic controls for Windows:

1. Menu... This is a set of all kinds of commands, from which you have to choose one. An example is the Windows main menu that appears after pressing the START button. The menu is a list of commands from which to choose. The choice of the command is carried out by the mouse button and by clicking. This usually results in the execution of a specific command. All menus have common properties: they can have several levels (menus, submenus), they can have unavailable items (faded), they can have items that open dialog boxes (these items have names that end with ellipsis)

2. Window. There are two types of windows - application windows and document windows.

IN application windows any launched for execution are executed or the contents of the folder are reflected. Opening or closing an application window is the same as starting a program for execution or ending it. These windows can be moved, collapsed and maximized.

The main elements of the application window are:

Work area - the inner part of the window;

Borders - the frame that bounds the window, the size of the window can be changed;

Title - a line above the upper border of the window;

Line horizontal menu- located under the heading, contains menu items;

The toolbar, located under the menu bar, is a set of buttons that provides quick access to some commands;

The minimize, maximize, close buttons are located in the upper right part of the window.

Document windows designed for working with documents and "live" inside application windows. They can also be opened, closed, minimized, moved, but they always remain within the window of their application. The document window always contains a title (document name) and often also scroll bars and rulers.

3. Dialog boxes... Used to make settings and set various program parameters. Dialog boxes contain a variety of controls.

4. Command Button... When pressed, a command is executed. A mouse is used to operate the buttons. A simple mouse click is used to work with controls, a double click is used to work with objects (icons and folders). Clicking with the right (additional) mouse button is used to access the properties of objects, and the context menu opens.

5. Lists are a set of suggested values.

6. Drop-down list... A list that has a drop-down button (in the form of a triangular arrow). If you click on it, a list will open, and you can select the desired value, for example, the month of the year. Lists are made drop-down solely for compactness.

6. Entry field... For example, entering the current year. This control is also called a text box. It allows you to enter text information.

7. Counter buttons... Data in text fields is usually entered using the keyboard, but if it is numeric data, then it is convenient to use the counter buttons. It's a pair of arrow buttons. Clicking the top button increases and the bottom decreases the value.

8. Standard command buttons... The author of the program can create any buttons, but there are several generally accepted buttons: OK (to enter the settings made and close the dialog box), APPLY (to save the settings, but not close the window), CANCEL (to cancel all the settings made and close the window).

9. Tabs... There may be so many controls in a dialog box that they will not fit. In such cases, the window is composed of several tabbed pages. Tabs have roots. To open another page of the dialog box, you just need to click on its spine with the left mouse button. For example, we selected the menu item Find \ Files and Folders ... A dialog box appears that contains three tabs: Name and Location, Date, Advanced.

10. Checkboxes... These are controls that have two states. They allow the user to make the desired choice of parameters. Checkboxes can be used in groups, in which case they allow you to select several options from one list. The drop-down list does not provide this option.

11. Switches... They look like checkboxes, they also have two states - on, off. But one of the switches is always on. When another switch is turned on, the previous one is turned off.

12. Context menu... At Work Windows desktop there are icons of programs, documents, folders - all these are Windows objects, including the Desktop itself. Each object has individual properties (for example, names, icons, etc.). If you click right click mouse on the free space of the Desktop, the context menu will open. It contains commands specific to the object that was clicked.

13. Slider (slider)... It is moved by dragging with the left button pressed. Allows you to smoothly change the value of a parameter (for example, volume).

14. Scroll bar. If the window contains so much data that it does not fit into it, scroll bars are formed in the window, with which you can "scroll" the contents of the window.

15. Inscription... Common text message which the user can read but cannot change. The label itself does not control anything, but it helps the user to manage the program.

A table that lists the English names of some of the controls:

In programming friendly refers to applications that are easy to use and understand at a glance. Working with them, the user can predict what will happen if he performs this or that action, for example, clicks on a button. The simplest road to friendly programming is through standardization. If all programs have the same controls, then users who have mastered one program can easily master others. The above controls are used to create the user interface of modern Windows applications.

Features of Windows OS:

1. Orientation to an unprepared user (simplicity of work in the operating environment;

2. Unified user interface

3. Optimal memory management;

4. Ability to connect new external devices without reconfiguring the OS;

5. The ability to automatically configure the computer: the OS determines from which components the computer on which it is installed is assembled, and configures itself to work with these components.

6. Ability to use in a specific program objects created by means of another program;

7. Compatibility with MS DOS;

8. Ability to simultaneously run multiple applications and easily switch from one program to another;

9. Ability to use animation, multimedia and much more;

10. Support for scalable fonts (not bitmap, but vector fonts).

11. Multitasking (ensuring the simultaneous execution of several tasks and switching from one to another), the basic concepts of multitasking are a process (execution of programs as a whole), a thread (a part of a process that is executed in parallel)

12. Data exchange facilities. There are 3 ways:

Shared Clipboard Clipboard - one program puts data on the clipboard, while others can use it (Copy CTRL + Insert, Paste SHIFT + Insert).

Dynamic data exchange (DDE) - one of the programs uses data from another program, for example, diagrams from a spreadsheet processor are inserted into a text editor, and the original data can be updated at any time.

OLE technology (Object Linking and Embedding). This mechanism for linking and embedding objects is a set of standards and programs designed to work simultaneously with the same information in different files.

13. Built-in support for work in local networks and Internet networks;

DDE dynamic communication(Dinamic Data Exchange) - a tool for direct data exchange between applications .

- converting, i.e. change the document format (for example, .txt format to .doc format.).

- data import-export - data from one document file is transferred to another document file. (Conversion is a special case import-export of data. Moreover, they can have a completely different format and class. For example, text format and database format:

.dbf ® .xls

.mdb ® .txt

ü dynamic data exchange- a set of special agreements (protocols) developed by Microsoft for the exchange of data between Microsoft applications. For example, Word emails are sent to addresses that are taken from the Access database.

OLE technology(Object Linking and Embedding) - connection and embedding of objects. Objects of different origins can be combined in one document. (text, photo, music) - such documents are called composite. Moreover, after the implementation of the document from another application, it remains possible to edit this object using the native application. Thus, if a connection is established, then this object will, as it were, “live” its own life. For example, a Visio object is embedded in a Word document. When you double-click on this object, the application opens in which this object was created, i.e. Visio. Closing Visio, we are back in Word. The Word document is referred to as the OLE client or target application, and the Visio object is referred to as the OLE server or source application.

You can link and embed an object using OLE technology in one of the following ways:

1. Via the clipboard using the EDIT \ SPECIAL INSERT command.

2. By the application command INSERT \ OBJECT (for example, formulas can be inserted through the Microsoft Equation 3.0 object.

3. Just drag and drop using Drag-and-Drop technology.

To return to the OLE client, simply click outside of the created object.

General Microsoft Management Console (MMC) concepts

IN Windows Server 2003 to manage the operating system, a single, traditional for Windows 2000 / XP systems, administration tools technology called Microsoft Management Console (MMC, Microsoft Management Console) is used. This universal management console is designed to run all software modules for administration, configuration or monitoring of local computers and the network as a whole. Such complete modules are called snap-ins. The Operations Console itself does not perform any administrative functions, but serves as a working environment for launching snap-ins. Rigs are control components that are integrated in an MMC environment. Several rigs can be used to create an individual control tool.
Microsoft Management Console first appeared as a standard management tool in Windows 2000, driven by the desire to create a single and flexible management interface for all operating systems in the Windows family. MMC allows you to create more advanced administrative tools that can represent different levels of functionality. These tools are easy to change and customize to the user's requirements. In this sense, a tool is not just a stand-alone application, but can consist of one or several snap-ins, and each snap-in, in turn, can contain additional snap-in extensions. This modular structure allows the system administrator to significantly reduce the cost of managing the system by creating custom tools based on selected snap-ins that provide only the capabilities and viewers that are needed. The administrator can save each individual tool in a separate file (MMC document file with the msc extension) and send it to other users or administrators who have been delegated the rights to perform these administrative tasks.

Attention

Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 use Microsoft Management Console version 2.0. This environment allows you to open MMC documents created in earlier versions of MMC (1.1 and 1.2). However, if files are saved in a new version, they are automatically converted and cannot be restored to previous versions.

Microsoft Management Console is an application with a multi-window interface, all capabilities of which are determined by the snap-ins connected to it. Microsoft and ISVs are developing a variety of MMC snap-ins to help you manage your local computer and the network as a whole.
MMC does not replace existing enterprise management tools such as HP OpenView or the IBM Tivoli Management Environment. The Management Console extends the capabilities of these tools by providing them with the means to interact with each other or by combining these tools into snap-ins that can be accessed from the MMC. For example, an enterprise management application can detect an event and send a notification to a snap-in (Figure 6.1). The system administrator will then detect the event in the MMC session and take the necessary action.

Rice. 6.1. The MMC console provides a common interface for management tools, including enterprise-level applications

MMC programming interfaces allow you to integrate snap-ins with the console (Fig. 6.2). These interfaces provide only user interface extensions, since each snap-in independently defines the mechanism (logic) for performing its tasks. MMC interfaces allow snap-ins to share a common host environment and provide integration between applications. Itself MMS console does not perform any management functions.

Rice. 6.2. APIs allow you to integrate snap-ins with the console

Tools that are not designed to work in the MMC environment can be integrated into the MMC using snap-ins or run independently. The system administrator can run stand-alone management tools and MMC instances on the same computer at the same time.

Benefits of MMS

• Customization and delegation of authority.

In addition to providing integration and a common environment for administrative tools, the MMC console provides fully customization so that administrators can create management consoles that include only the tools they need. This setting allows you to orient the administration to perform specific tasks, and the administrator can select only the necessary objects and elements.

Customizing the console also allows administrators to delegate some authority to less experienced employees. With the help of MMC, you can create a console that will contain the objects needed to perform only certain functions.

• Integration and unification.

MMC provides a common environment in which snap-ins can run and administrators can manage various network products using a single interface, making it easy to learn how to work with different tools.

• Flexibility in the choice of tools and products.

Various tools and snap-ins can be used in an MMC environment. To be used in an MMC environment, a snap-in must support a Component Object Model (COM) or Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM). This allows you to choose the most optimal product among the rigs, while guaranteeing its full compatibility with the MMC environment.

MMC user interface

The MMC Management Console has a user interface that allows you to open multiple documents (Multiple Document Interface, MDI). An example of an MMC console interface with several attached snap-ins is shown in Fig. 6.3. The Back and Forward navigation arrows on the toolbar allow you to quickly navigate between the windows of the various snap-ins connected to the this instrument MMS.
The parent window of the MMC console has a main menu and a toolbar. The main menu provides file and window management functions, as well as access to the help system. Unlike previous versions of ММС, in version 2.0 the toolbar is available only in the parent window, it is absent in child windows.
The two child windows of the MMC console are different viewers for the stand-alone console document. Each of these windows contains a scope pane (left window) and a result pane (right window). The structure pane displays the tool's namespace as a tree, which contains all visible nodes that are a managed object, task, or viewer. The results pane in the child window displays a list of the elements of the selected node. This list can contain folders, snap-ins, controls, web pages, taskbars (taskpad) and other items.

Rice. 6.3. Example of a custom MMC console

The MMC console tools also allow you to display the window in a simplified manner that is accessible to less experienced administrators. In its simplest form, a window can contain a set of icons that provide access to specific tasks.

Types of rigs

There are two types of rigs in MMC.

• A standalone snap-in ensures that it performs its function even when no other snap-ins, such as Computer Management, are present.
• An extension snap-in can only work after the parent snap-in has been activated. The purpose of the extension snap-in is to increase the number of functions supported by the parent snap-in. An extension snap-in is a subordinate of certain snap-ins, and each time you run those snap-ins, the MMC console automatically launches any associated extensions.

Extension snap-ins can provide various functionality. For example, these snap-ins can expand the console namespace, increase the number of menu items, or add specific wizards.

Note

All of the snap-ins that are available in Windows Server 2003 are summarized in Table 1. 6.1 and 6.2.

Configuring MMC Consoles

In Windows Server 2003, you can manage a computer using the standard snap-ins supplied with the system. However, if the need arises for fine tuning systems or the set of functions of individual snap-ins do not suit you, you can add missing elements to an existing console or create a new MMC console. MMC consoles (or administrative tools) can contain snap-ins, snap-ins, taskbars, and the documentation needed to manage the hardware, software, or network components of the system.
All MMC tools consist of a set of rigs. Each rig represents a minimal unit of control. From the technical point of view, the snap-in is an "OLE-server within the process" (in-proc server - this is how DLL libraries are often called in the COM model), which is executed in the context of the MMC process. A snap-in can call other controls and dynamic link libraries (DLLs) to accomplish its task.
A number of snap-ins with specified functionality can be combined by the administrator into a tool (also called a document), which is saved in a file with the msc (Management Saved Console) extension. The * .msc file can then be transferred to another administrator (for example, by email) who can use the tool it contains at their workplace.

Note

In practice, the terms tool and tooling can sometimes be used interchangeably because some MMC tools (both standard and newly created) contain only one tooling. On the other hand, the term snap-in is used more often, because it is in the snap-in that all the functionality is implemented, and it can be included in various tools, including those that are configured by the administrator himself. Therefore, you can often find a phrase like "this function is implemented using a snap ..." (and not "using a tool ...").

Thanks to the ability to customize the MMC, the administrator can create the optimal tool based on the available snap-ins. Each tool can have many features, such as the ability to manage Active Directory, replication topology, file access, and more. In large networks, administrators can have a set of tools organized by the categories of tasks they perform.

Creating a new console

To get an idea of ​​the flexibility of MMC, it is useful to look at the process of creating a console file — an MMC tool (document) —from the beginning. As an example, we will describe the procedure for creating a new console and adding the Computer Management and Certificates snap-ins to it.
1. From the Start menu, select Run, type mmc and click OK. A Consolel window opens with an empty console.

Note

By default, the MMC console opens in authoring mode, where you can create new consoles and modify previously created administrative tools. An empty console has no functionality until snap-ins are added to it. The MMC menu commands in the menu bar at the top of the window apply to the entire console.

2. From the File menu, select Add / Remove Snap-in. The Add / Remove Snap-in window opens, listing the stand-alone snap-ins and extension snap-ins that will be added to (or already included in) the console. Snap-ins can be added to the root of the management console or to existing stand-alone snap-ins (other tree nodes); this is indicated in the Snap-ins added to list. In our case, we will leave the default value - Console Root (Console Root).
3. Click the Add button. The Add Standalone Snap-in window will appear on the screen (Figure 6.4) with a list of standalone snap-ins available in the system.

Note

It is necessary to distinguish between the names of the snap-ins (that is, their names that were given by the developers and which are fixed in the supplied snap-in packages, see Fig. 6.4) and the names of menu items, MMC tools and nodes in the snap-ins tree of the MMC console.

4. Double-click Computer Management. A window with configuration options for this snap-in will appear.

Rice. 6.4. Window with a list of snap-ins available in the system

5. Leave the switch in the Local computer position. Then click the Finish button. The first rig has been added to the console.
6. In the snap-ins window, select Certificates and click Add.
7. In the next window, select the appropriate radio button - This snap-in will always manage certificates for(This snap-in will always manage certificates for):

• My user account (my user account);
• Service account
• Computer account

8. Click the Finish and Close buttons.
9. In the Add / Remove Snap-in window (which displays a list of snap-ins to be plugged in), click the Extensions tab. This tab lists the extension snap-ins that ship with the selected stand-alone snap-ins. If you are not going to include all the snap-ins of an extension, uncheck the Add all extensions (which is the default) and uncheck the unnecessary snap-ins. At the end of the procedure, click OK.
10. Close the window for adding snap-ins by clicking OK. The console window now contains two snap-ins - Computer Management and Certificates.
11. To save the created tool, select Save from the File menu and specify the file name and folder where the console file will be saved.

Note

An additional benefit of this approach is that if a user has a roaming profile, that user will always have access to all the tools they create.

Customizing snap-in windows

After you add snap-ins, you can expand the snap-in windows to make them easier to work with.

Rice. 6.5. Custom Console Window

To do this, follow these steps:
1. In the left pane (structure window) of the newly created console, right-click on the Computer Management node and select New Window from Here from the context menu. The Computer Management window, representing the snap-in of the same name, will open.
2. Follow the same steps for the Certificates node. In the new window, click the Show / Hide Console tree button on the toolbar to hide the structure pane.
3. Close the original window containing the Console Root node.
4. From the Window menu, choose Tile Horizontally. The console will look like the one shown in Fig. 6.5. Please note that in ММС 2.0 the toolbar is available only for the entire console, in child windows this toolbar is absent.

Create a taskbar

When you need to create a console file for another user, it is helpful to provide the user with a simplified tool that allows them to perform only a few specific tasks. Such a tool is called a taskpad. The taskbar is an HTML page on which shortcuts (or tasks) can be placed that execute snap-in commands, launch external programs, or open links to favorites in the MMC console.
To create a taskbar, follow these steps:
1. From the Action menu or from context menu the node you are interested in, in the console window, select New Taskpad View.
2. The New Taskpad View Wizard will open. Click the Next button.
3. On the next page of the wizard, you will be asked to select the type and size of the taskbar (Fig. 6.6). Next, you must specify whether the tasks will be associated only with the current node or with all nodes of this type. In the latter case, the task pane will open whenever in the structure window you select a node (container, department, etc.) of the same type as that of the node specified at the time the panel was created.
4. Then enter a name and description for the taskbar to be created.
5. The Start New Task wizard checkbox on the last page of the wizard is selected by default. In this case
when the New Taskpad View Wizard completes, the New Task Wizard starts. With its help, a specific task function is set: object management (Menu command switch), command launch (Shell command) or transition to a selected page (Navigation).

Rice. 6.6. Task Pane Wizard Window

6. If new task will run a program or script, on the next page of the wizard you will be asked to specify the path to the executable file of this program, startup parameters, the computer on which this program will run, and the size of the program window. In our example, we will create commands to manage directory objects in organizational units (OUs).
7. On the Shortcut Menu Command page (Fig. 6.7), select a command that will be placed on the taskbar. In the Command source list, you can choose any representation that best suits your objects and the commands available to them. Let's select a command to create objects of the Computer type in departments.
8. On the next pages of the wizard, specify the name of the task, its description and select an icon to display the task (from those supplied with the system or your own icon).

Rice. 6.7. New Taskpad Wizard page that allows you to select a command for the taskpad being created

Rice. 6.8. Custom console window with created taskbar

9. If you want to create multiple tasks on the same pane, select the Run this wizard again check box in the last window of the wizard. Then click the Finish button.
10. In fig. 6.8 shows the resulting taskbar. (Note that, in addition to the taskbar, the right window on the Standard tab can also display the usual view of catalog objects.) Using the commands on the panel, you can quickly perform common tasks in any specified department.
The created taskbar can be reconfigured (add / remove tasks, change the view of the panel, etc.) or delete. To do this, in the structure window, select the node that has the taskbar, and in the context menu, execute the Edit Taskpad View or Delete Taskpad View commands, respectively. To add tasks, the New Task Wizard already described above is used.

Setting console options

If you are creating a console for a different user, it may be helpful to set the console to not be changed.
To do this, follow these steps:
1. From the File menu, select Options.

Rice. 6.9. MMC console options setup window

2. In the window that opens (Fig. 6.9), in the Console mode list, select the User mode - full access value. In this mode, the user will not be able to add new snap-ins to the tool, but will be able to change the position of the windows. (The new mode will start the next time you run the console file.)
3. You can also prevent the user from changing the appearance of the console by unchecking the Allow the user to customize views(Allow user to customize the look of the console).
4. Click OK and save the console file.
The saved console file can also be opened with using Windows Explorer. To do this, double-click on the file with the msc extension. The console file will open in the MMC environment.

Note

If, for any reason, you need to restrict user access to the snap-in creation mode, follow these steps:
1. Open the GPO that applies to the specified user group.
2. In the structure window, select a node User Configuration | Administrative Templates | Windows Components | Microsoft Management Console(User Configuration | Administrative Templates | Windows Components | Microsoft Management Console) (Figure 6.10).
3. In the details pane, double-click the policy Restrict the user from entering author mode(Prevent users from using author mode).
4. In the window that opens, select the Enabled radio button. To allow the user to work in snap-in mode, select the Not Configured or Disabled radio buttons.
To selectively restrict snap-ins, you can use the policy Restrict users to the explicitly permitted list of snap-ins(Limit the use of snap-ins to a list of explicitly allowed snap-ins). It can be used to deny user access to all snap-ins except those explicitly allowed.
To deny / allow users to access specific snap-ins, open the Restricted / Permitted snap-ins node, select the snap-ins you need, and set the appropriate policy options for them.

Rice. 6.10. Restricting user access to editing snap-ins using Group Policy settings

Note

By default, users have access to all snap-ins and the ability to create new snap-ins.

Launching MMS tools

You can use one of the following methods to run the standard, pre-configured MMC administrative tools installed on your computer.

• Open the Start menu | Administrative Tools (Start | Administrative Tools) and select the required tool.
• Double click on the Administrative Tools icon in the Control Panel. The Administrative Tools window opens, displaying the icons of all the tools installed on your computer.
• Run the command Start | Run (Start | Run) and in the Run window enter the name of the snap-in with the extension: for example, the command gpedit.msc allows you to launch a local GPO for editing.

Windows Server 2003 Snap-ins

Table 6.1 lists the major snap-ins that are available in Windows Server 2003 in alphabetical order, and Table 6.1. 6.2 - snap-ins that appear in the system interface only on domain controllers. For the snap-ins included in the user interface, the names of the corresponding menu items are indicated; for the rest of the snap-ins, their own names are given. Snap-ins that can be accessed directly from the Start menu or from the Administrative Tools group in Control Panel — that is, snap-ins included in the user interface during system installation — are marked with an asterisk (*).

Table 6.1. Snap-ins available in Windows Server 2003

Rigging	Appointment
.NET Framework 1.1 Configuration (.NET Framework Configuration)	Allows customization of the .NET Framework
ActiveX Control	Connecting various ActiveX controls to the console tree
Authorization Manager	Allows you to create a flexible environment for managing corporate applications based on access mechanisms based on the concepts of "role", "task", "operation"
Certificate Templates	Provides work with certificate templates that are part of the corporate certification authority (Certification Authority)
Certificates (Certificates)	Manages certificates issued to a user, service, or computer
Certification Authority	Allows you to work with certification authorities deployed in the corporate network
Component Services (Component Service) *	Configures and manages COM + component services
Computer Management (Computer Management) *	Provides system administration functions. Contains a number of isolated snap-ins and extension snap-ins
Device manager (Device Manager) Disk Defragmenter (Disk Defragmenter)	Contains a list of all devices connected to the computer and allows you to configure them Serves for analysis and defragmentation of disk volumes
Disk Management (Disk Management)	Serves for disk management and data protection, for partitioning disks into logical volumes, formatting, managing sharing, quotas, etc.
Distributed file system (DPS Distributed File System) *	Creates and manages distributed file systems that combine shared folders on different computers
Event Viewer *	Serves to view and manage system log, security logs and applications
Folder	Serves to add a new folder to the tree
Group Policy Object Editor	Serves to assign registration scripts, group policies for a computer and users of a certain computer on the network; allows you to view and change security policy, audit policy and user rights
Indexing Service (Indexing Service)	Serves for indexing documents different types in order to speed up their search
Internet Authentication Service (IAS) IP Security Monitor	Manages the operation of the Internet Authentication Service Provides the same functionality as the IPSecmon.exe utility in Windows 2000: monitors various aspects of IPSec operation
IP Security Policy Management (IP Security Policy Management)	Serves to manage IPSec policies for secure connections with other computers
Link to Web Address (Link to web resource)	Serves to connect web pages (html, asp, stml)
Local Security Policy *	Allows you to configure local security settings (Security Settings node of the local GPO); only available on computers not joined to the domain
Local Users and Groups (Local users and groups) *	Serves to manage local user and group accounts. Present on the Start menu unless the computer is a member of a domain
Performance Logs and Alerts	Configures the system performance data logs and alert service
Remote Desktops *	Allows you to manage multiple sessions of terminal access to remote computers
Removable Storage Management (Removable media management)	Serves for managing removable media
Resultant Set of Policy (Resultant policy)	Allows you to view the resulting Group Policy for the computer and user. The snap-in can be used to view the policies in effect, as well as to plan the use of policies for a selected computer or user.
Routing and Remote Access *	Serves for managing routing and remote access
Security Configuration and Analysis(Analyze and configure security)	Serves to manage the security of the system using security templates
Security Templates (Security templates)	Provides the ability to edit security template files
Services *	Starts, stops and configures Windows services
Shared Folders	Displays shared folders, current sessions, and open files
Telephony	Serves for configuring telephony services
Terminal Services Configuration *	Lets you manage the configuration of the Terminal Services server
Wireless Monitor	Allows you to control wireless (infrared, etc.) connections to the system
WMI Control (WMI Control)	Serves for configuring Windows Management Instrumentation tools

Table 6.2. Snap-ins that are installed only on Windows Server 2003 domain controllers

Rigging	Appointment
Active Directory Domains and Trusts(Active Directory Domains and Trusts) *	Serves for managing domains and trusts
Active Directory Sites and Services(Active Directory - Sites and Services) *	Determines the Active Directory replication topology and schedule. Provides enterprise-grade service change
(Active Directory Users and Computers) *	Manages users, groups, organizational units (OUs), and other Active Directory objects
Domain Controller Security Policy(Domain Controller Security Policy) *	Serves to manage security settings (presented in the Security Settings node of the GPO associated with the Domain Controllers OU) on domain controllers
Domain Security Policy (Domain Security Policy) *	Manages security settings (presented in the Security Settings node of the GPO linked to the domain object) for the entire domain

Note

In addition to those listed in table. 6.1 and 6.2 snap-ins, in the system after installing additional services and components - for example, network services (DNS, DHCP, WINS, etc.), the Support Tools package, the Active Directory Migration Tool utility, Internet services, fax service, terminal services (Terminal Services) - there are many other snap-ins that are used to administer these services. Such rigs are discussed in the relevant chapters of the book.

Table 6.3 lists the system controls that are not implemented as snap-ins or that are specific when working with them. Almost all of these tools can be called from the Start | Administrative Tools (Start | Administrative Tools).

Table 6.3. Additional Management Tools for Windows Server 2003

Name	Appointment
Cluster Administrator *	Utility for managing cluster configurations
Configure Your Server Wizard *	A wizard that allows an administrator to configure the server according to the selected roles (file server, Internet services server, etc.)
File Server Management	A snap-in that allows you to centrally manage shared resources, file server disk systems, and access to it. The snap-in can be run by the name filesvr.msc or by clicking on the Manage this file server link in the Manage Your Server wizard
Licensing *	Utility to manage CALs across the enterprise
Manage Your Server *	A wizard that provides an information center for managing various server roles, accessing support services and supporting tools, and quickly finding information about updates, how to resolve issues, and more.
Network load balancing manager*	On clustered systems, this utility can be used to manage the distribution of network load across the cluster nodes.
System Information (System Information) *	In Windows 2000, this utility is implemented as a snap-in included with the Computer Management snap-in. In Windows XP and Windows Server 2003, it is a standalone utility. To start, you need to select the command Start | All Programs | Accessories | System Tools | System Information(Start | Programs | System Tools | System Information)
Terminal Server Licensing *	Utility that allows you to manage Terminal Services CALs running in runtime mode
Terminal Services Manager *	Terminal Services Manager, which allows you to monitor terminal servers across the enterprise; allows, in particular, to control client sessions and running tasks

Computer Management Snap-in

The Computer Management tool (and the snap-in of the same name) (Fig. 6.11) is one of the main tools of the system administrator for configuring a computer. This snap-in can be used to administer both the local system and remote computers (including Windows 2000 systems and, with some limitations, Windows NT 4.0 computers). This allows the administrator to troubleshoot and configure any computer on the network running Windows Server 2003 from his desk.
There are two ways to start the Computer Management snap-in: select the appropriate command from the Start | Administrative Tools, or right-click the My Computer command on the Start menu and select Manage from the context menu.

Rice. 6.11. The Computer Management snap-in lets you manage many of the services on your computer

There are three nodes in the snap-in namespace: System Tools, Storage, and Services and Applications. These nodes are containers and contain a number of snap-ins:

• System Tools - the node contains tools for system administration. This node includes accessories:
  • Event Viewer
  • Shared Folders
  • Local Users and Groups
  • Performance Logs and Alerts
  • Device Manager
• Storage - the node contains snap-ins for managing the disk system:
  • Removable Storage
  • Disk Management
  • Disk Defragmenter
• Services and Applications - The node contains the following snap-ins:
  • Telephony (Telephony);
  • Services
  • WMI Control
  • Indexing Service
  • Other rigs (for example, Fax, Windows Media Services, Routing and Remote Access, DNS, Internet Information Services etc.) - depending on what additional services are installed in the system.

System Tools

The System Tools node displays the configuration of your computer and brings together the controls for it. Support personnel use this information to troubleshoot problems on the local computer.

Event Viewer Snap-in

The Event Viewer node corresponds to the snap-in of the same name and a standard utility that was available back in Windows NT 4.0. With its help you can view the event logs operating system, security and applications. This snap-in is discussed in detail in Chapter 7, Monitoring and Optimization Tools.

Shared Folders snap-in

The Shared Folders snap-in lets you view information about connections and resource usage on a local or remote computer. This snap-in is used instead of the Server program in the Windows NT 4.0 Control Panel.
The Shared Folders snap-in contains three nodes: Shares, Sessions, and Open Files. When these nodes are selected, the content of the corresponding node is displayed in the results pane.
With the snap-in, you can perform the following tasks:

• create, view, modify properties and delete shared resources on local or remote computers (Windows NT 4.0 / 2000 / XP and Windows Server 2003) and set permissions to access them. In addition, you can control the caching behavior of shared folders (if used as stand-alone folders). Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 have a very convenient new ability to manage the process of publishing a shared folder in the Active Directory (Figure 6.12) - you can publish it to the directory immediately after creating a shared folder without using the Active Directory Users and Computers snap-in. All necessary actions are quite obvious from the content of the given example: in this case, the shared folder of the fax service is published, containing the client software for systems that do not have it (for example, Windows 9x);

Rice. 6.12. Publication shared folders in Active Directory

• view the list of remote users connected to the computer and disconnect them;
• view the list of files opened by remote users and close open files.

Local Users and Groups snap-in

The Local Users and Groups node corresponds to the snap-in of the same name, which was analogous to the administrative utility User Manager for Domains in Windows NT Server 4.0. The function and purpose remained unchanged: using this snap-in, user and group accounts on the local computer are created, modified, and deleted. The use of this snap-in is described in sufficient detail in other chapters of the book, primarily in Chapter 10, "Typical Administration Tasks." The snap-in is not available on domain controllers. The snap-in is used to manage users and groups in the domain. Active Directory Users and Computers(Active Directory Users and Computers), described in Chapter 20, Domain Administration.

Performance Logs and Alerts snap-in

The Performance Logs and Alerts extension snap-in allows you to configure logs to record data and the Alerter service to notify you when a counter exceeds a specific value. This snap-in allows you to record data on the degree of computer use and the operation of services (services) on local and remote computers. This snap-in is discussed in more detail in Chapter 7, Monitoring and Optimization Tools.

Device Manager

The Device Manager node is a snap-in of the same name that displays in a tree view all hardware devices installed on the local computer and shows their status, software driver versions, resources used (I / O ports, memory addresses and IRQs). This snap-in allows you to change the configuration of hardware elements, as well as the mechanism of their interaction with the central processor of the computer. Device Manager allows you to:

• find out if the computer hardware is working correctly;
• change the configuration settings of the equipment;
• identify the device drivers that are loaded for each device and obtain information about the drivers of all devices;
• change additional settings and device parameters;
• install updated device drivers and roll back drivers;
• disable and activate devices;
• identify device conflicts and manually configure resource settings;
• print summary information about the devices that are installed on the computer.

Device Manager is primarily used to check hardware status and update device drivers on your computer. Advanced users with a good understanding of computer hardware can use the diagnostic capabilities of Device Manager to resolve device conflicts and change resource settings.

Note

Changing resource settings may disable hardware components and disrupt your computer. Therefore, it is only recommended to change resource settings for users who have sufficient knowledge of the hardware and hardware configurations of computers. Typically, users do not need to change resource settings because the system automatically allocates resources to hardware components during installation.
Device Manager can only be used to manage devices on the local computer. On a remote computer, this snap-in will only work in view mode.

Each device on the computer is allocated a unique set of system resources to ensure that the device operates correctly. These resources include:

• interrupt request numbers (IRQ);
• Direct Memory Access (DMA) channel numbers
• addresses of input / output ports (Input / Output, I / O);
• ranges of memory addresses.

The Windows Server 2003 Plug and Play mechanism (see Chapter 2, Hardware Support) allocates resources automatically during installation for all devices that support the mechanism. If two devices access the same resources, then a hardware conflict occurs. In this case, you must manually change the resource settings to make them unique for each device. In general, you should not manually change resource settings, as this can create complex conflicts that require a deep understanding of hardware and software (including drivers) to resolve.
Device Manager lets you disable and remove devices from your computer's system configuration. When disconnecting the device physical device remains connected to the computer, but changes are made to the system registry so that device drivers are not loaded the next time the system is started. Disconnecting devices is useful if you need to have multiple hardware configurations of your computer or if you are working on a laptop used with an expansion station (docking station).
A hardware profile is a set of instructions that tell the system which devices to start when the computer is turned on. At Windows installations Server 2003 creates a default hardware profile. In this profile, all devices available on the computer at the time of installation of the operating system are activated.
Hardware profiles are especially useful if you are using a laptop computer. For example, you can create a profile that will activate the network card and external monitor if the computer is connected to the expansion station, and the profile does not support these devices otherwise.
To create a new hardware profile, launch the System utility in the Control Panel and navigate to the Hardware tab in its window. If you have multiple hardware profiles, you can select a default profile to load each time you start your computer. After you create a hardware profile, you can use the Device Manager snap-in to enable and disable the devices that the profile contains.

Note

If you disable a device in a hardware profile, the drivers for that device are not loaded the next time you start your computer.

To change the view of the results pane of the Device Manager snap-in, select the View menu command to display Devices by type, Devices by connection, Resources by type, or Resources by connection. connection). As you can see, devices and resources can be sorted by type or by connection.

Note

This menu can also be opened by right-clicking on the Device Manager node and choosing View from the context menu.

To view hidden devices, select the Show hidden devices checkbox in the View menu. In number hidden devices This includes non-Plug and Play devices (devices with legacy Windows NT drivers) and devices that were physically removed from the computer, but their drivers remain.
To install a new device, move the cursor to the right window and select Scan for hardware changes from the Action menu. The snap-in will check the hardware configuration of the computer and, if new devices are found, it will launch the Add New Hardware Wizard. If you need to remove a certain device, select it in the device tree and in the Action menu, run the Uninstall command.
The properties window for any selected device can be opened using the Properties command on the Action menu or by double-clicking on its name.

Storage devices

The Storage container contains snap-ins that are used to manage and maintain logical drives and disk drives.

• With the Removable Storage snap-in, you can easily manage tape libraries, removable optical discs and devices with automatic disc feeder (jukebox). For more information on this snap-in, see Chapter 8, Working with Disk Resources.
• The Disk Defragmenter snap-in is used to analyze and defragment remote and local logical drives. This snap-in is discussed in detail in Chapter 8, "Working with Disk Resources."
• The Disk Management snap-in manages logical disks. This snap-in (its functions and how to use it) is discussed in detail in Chapter 8, "Working with Disk Resources."

Services and Applications

Using the Services and Applications node, you can change settings to control installed services or server applications such as telephony, media, or DHCP. Some of these services that are used in Windows Server 2003 and how to manage them are described in the respective chapters of this book.

Snap Services

The Services snap-in allows you to start, stop, pause and resume services (services) on the remote and local computers, as well as configure the options for starting and restoring services.
As seen in Fig. 6.13, in Windows Server 2003 the Services snap-in has an Extended tab that contains a description of the selected service and contains control commands.

Rice. 6.13. Services snap-in node within the Computer Management snap-in

Using the Services snap-in, you can do the following:

• manage services on local and remote computers (only on computers running Windows Server 2003, Windows XP, Windows 2000, or Windows NT "4.0);
• Perform operations to restore the service (for example, automatically restart a service or computer) (only on computers running Windows Server 2003, Windows XP, and Windows 2000);
• enable or disable the ability to start a service for a specific hardware profile;
• view the status and description of services.

Configuring Installed Services
To determine the startup mode of a service:
1. Select the service you want to configure and choose Properties from the Action menu or Properties from the context menu. Alternatively, double-click the service name. A window with service parameters will open on the screen.
2. On the General tab, select one of the following options from the Startup Type list: Automatic, Manual, or Disabled. If you select Disabled, the service will be disabled completely.
3. To specify the user account with which the service will be logged on, go to the Log On tab and click the switch to Local System account or This account.
4. If the radio button is in the This account position, click the Browse button to select a user account. In the window that opens, select the type of object (the Object Types button), its location (the Locations button) and enter the username in the list Enter the object name to select(Enter the names of the objects to be selected).
5. To enable the service to use the user interface, select the check box Allow service to interact with desktop(Allow the service to interact with the desktop).

Note

To change the startup options for services, you must register as a member of the local Administrators group.

To start, stop, pause, or resume a service, right-click on its name and select the appropriate command from the context menu: Start, Stop, Pause, Resume, or Restart ( Restart).

Note

If you want to specify startup parameters for the service, open the service properties window (Properties command) and on the General tab, enter the parameters in the Start parameters field before clicking the Start button. The backslash (\) is interpreted as a space character, so you must enter two backslashes in the parameter to get a backslash character.

WMI Control snap-in

The WMI Control node (the WMI control (and the snap-in of the same name) allows you to configure Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) tools (tools) on the local system and on remote computers. For example, using this snap-in, you can set permissions for authorized users and groups, save a repository of WMI objects, turn error logging on and off For more information on WMI, see Chapter L, "Managing Windows Systems in a Corporate Environment."

Indexing Service snap-in

The Indexing Service is installed as a standard component of Windows Server 2003. This service indexes the contents of all drives on the local computer, which allows the user to search for any word or phrase contained in documents on this computer... The Indexing Service Snap-in is a system-based GUI tool for the Indexing Service that simplifies a number of administrative tasks, including the following:

• checking the status of the indexing process and parameters of indexed catalogs;
• setting global parameters for all directories on the computer;
• creating and configuring new directories for optimal performance;
• selection of indexed directories.

This snap-in is described in more detail in Chapter 16, Internet Services.

List Windows services Server 2003

Table 6.4 lists the main services (services) installed by default in Windows Server 2003, Standard Edition(including Internet services). The list of services currently running on the system can be easily obtained from the command line by typing net start. Knowing the name of the service, you can manage it from the command line or batch files using the commands net start / net stop<названиеСлужбы>... Executable file name (image name)
is displayed for a running service in the Task Manager window under the Processes tab. Knowing the correspondence between the names of services and executable files, it is easier to understand the processes occurring in the system, and in this case, for example, you will not be surprised why several processes are always running on the system with the same image name svchost.exe.

Table 6.4. Windows Server 2003 Essential Services List

Display name	Service name	Executable file name (image name)
Alerter	Alerter	Svchost.exe
Application Layer Gateway Service	ALG	Alg.exe
Application Management	AppMgmt	Svchost.exe
Automatic Updates	Wuauserv	Svchost.exe
Background Intelligent Transfer Service	BITS	Svchost.exe
ClipBook (Exchange folder server)	ClipSrv	Clipsrv.exe
COM + Event System	EventSystem	Svchost.exe
COM + System Application ( System application COM +)	COMSysApp	Dllhost.exe
Computer Browser	Browser	Svchost.exe
Cryptographic Services	CryptSvc	Svchost.exe
DHCP Client	Dhcp	Svchost.exe
Distributed File System	Dfs	Dfssvc.exe
Distributed Link Tracking Client	TrkWks	Svchost.exe
Distributed Link Tracking Server	TrkSvr	Svchost.exe
Distributed Transaction Coordinator	MSDTC	Msdtc.exe
DNS Client	Dnscache	Svchost.exe
Error Reporting Service	ERSvc	Svchost.exe
Event Log	Eventlog	Services.exe
File Replication Service	NtFrs	Ntfrs.exe
Help And Support	Helpsvc	Svchost.exe
HTTP SSL	HTTPFilter	Lsass.exe
Human Interface Device Access	HidServ	Svchost.exe
IMAPI CD-Burning COM Service	ImapiService	lmapi.exe
Indexing Service	cisvc	Cisvc.exe
Internet Connection Firewall (IGF) / Internet Connection Sharing (ICS)	SharedAccess	Svchost.exe
Intersite Messaging	IsmServ	lsmserv.exe
IPSEC Services	PolicyAgent	Lsass.exe
Kerberos Key Distribution Center	kdc	Lsass.exe
License Logging	LicenseService	Llssrv.exe
Logical Disk Manager	dmserver	Svchost.exe
Logical Disk Manager Administrative Service	dmadmin	Dmadmin.exe
Messenger	Messenger	Svchost.exe
MS Software Shadow Copy Provider	SwPrv	Dllhost.exe
Net Logon	Netlogon	Lsass.exe
NetMeeting Remote Desktop Sharing	mnmsrvc	Mnmsrvc.exe
Network Connections	Netman	Svchostexe
Network DDE	NetDDE	Netdde.exe
Network DDE DSDM	NetDDEdsdm	Netdde.exe
Network Location Awareness (NLA)	Nla	Svchost.exe
NT LM Security Support Provider	NtLmSsp	Lsass.exe
Performance Logs And Alerts	SysmonLog	Smlogsvc.exe
Plug and play	PlugPlay	Services.exe
Portable Media Serial Number Service	WmdmPmSN	Svchost.exe
Print Spooler	Spooler	Spoolsv.exe
Protected Storage	ProtectedStorage	* Lsass.exe
Remote Access Auto Connection Manager	R as Auto	Svchost.exe
Remote Access Connection Manager	RasMan	Svchost.exe
Remote Desktop Help Session Manager	RDSessMgr	Sessmgr.exe
Remote Procedure Call (RPC)	RpcSs	Svchost.exe
Remote Procedure Call (RPC) Locator	RpcLocator	Locator.exe
Remote Registry	RemoteRegistry	Svchost.exe
Remote Server Manager remote server)	appmgr	Appmgr.exe
Removable Storage	NtmsSvc	Svchost.exe
Resultant Set of Policy Provider	RSoPProv	RSoPProv.exe
Routing And Remote Access	RemoteAccess	Svchost.exe
Secondary Logon	seclogon	Svchost.exe
Security Accounts Manager	SamSs	Lsass.exe
Server	lanmanserver	Svchostexe
Shell Hardware Detection	ShellHWDetection	Svchost.exe
Smart Card	SCardSvr	Scardsvr.exe
Special Administration Console Helper	sacsvr	Svchost.exe
System Event Notification	SENS	Svchost.exe
Task Scheduler	Schedule	Svchost.exe
TCP / IP NetBIOS Helper (NetBIOS over TCP / IP Helper)	LmHosts	Svchost.exe
Telephony	TapiSrv	Svchost.exe
Telnet	TlntSvr	Tlntsvr.exe
Terminal Services	TermService	Svchost.exe
Terminal Services Session Directory	Tssdis	Tssdis.exe
Themes	Themes	Svchost.exe
Uninterruptible Power Supply	UPS	Ups.exe
Universal Plug And Play Device Host	upnphost	Svchost.exe
Upload Manager	upload mgr	Svchost.exe
Virtual Disk Service	vds	Vds.exe
Volume Shadow Copy	VSS	Vssvc.exe
WebClient	WebClient	Svchost.exe
Windows Audio	AudioSrv	Svchost.exe
Windows Image Acquisition (WIA)	Stisvc	Svchost.exe
Windows Installer	MSIServer	Msiexec.exe
Windows Management Instrumentation	winmgmt	Svchost.exe
Windows Management Instrumentation Driver Extensions	Wmi	Svchost.exe
Windows Time	W32Time	Svchost.exe
WinHTTP Web Proxy Auto-Discovery Service	WinHttpAutoProxy Svc	Svchost.exe
Wireless Configuration	WZCSVC	Svchost.exe
WMI Performance Adapter	WmiApSrv	Wmiapsrv.exe
Workstation	lanmanworkstation	Svchost.exe

A detailed description of the purpose of the services and their settings (state, startup type and name of the account used when starting the service) can be obtained by clicking the Export List button in the Services snap-in and saving the information to a text file.

Attention

In Windows Server 2003, the IMAPI CD-Burning COM Service, which burns CDs to CDRW devices, is disabled by default; therefore, it should not be surprising that the corresponding commands are missing from the user interface for the CDRW drive. If you need this functionality, enable the service, set the startup mode to Manual, and reboot the system.
The new Windows XP interface style can also be used in Windows Server 2003. To do this, you must enable and start the Themes service. After that, in the display properties window, you can set the desired style.

System Information Utility

The System Information utility provides comprehensive information about your computer's hardware, system components, and software environment. The system information is divided into categories, which correspond to the following nodes in the structure window (Figure 6.14): System Summary, Hardware Resources, Components, Software Environment, and Internet Settings Internet).

• The System Summary node displays general information about the computer and the operating system: OS version and build number, processor type, RAM size, BIOS version, regional settings, and information about the amount of physical and virtual memory on the computer.
• The Hardware Resources node displays information about hardware settings such as DMA channels, interrupt numbers (IRQ), input / output (I / O) addresses, and memory addresses. The Conflicts / Sharing node identifies devices that share resources or conflict with other resources. This information helps to identify problems with hardware devices.
• The Components node displays Windows configuration information and is used to determine the status of device drivers, network devices and software for multimedia devices. In addition, this site contains extensive information about the history of drivers with a record of all changes that were made to components.

Rice. 6.14. System Information Utility Window

• The Software Environment node displays a snapshot of the software loaded into the computer's memory. This information can be used to view a list of running tasks or to find out the version number of a product.
• The Internet Settings node contains, in particular, information about the settings for Internet Explorer.

Note

Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 also include the Systemlnfo.exe command-line utility that provides general information about a local or remote system. For utility options, type systeminfo /? At a command prompt.

The View menu switches between two display modes: Current System Information and System Hystory. System Hystory mode displays information about all changes made to the system since installation, which may be of interest to power users or service professionals Microsoft support Technical Support.
The resulting information can be saved in a file with the nfo extension (the file will be saved as an MSInfo document) or exported to text file using the File | Export for later analysis.
In addition, from the Tools menu, you can launch the very useful diagnostic utilities such as Net Diagnostics and DirectX Diagnostic Tool. The second utility is especially useful for testing the multimedia capabilities of the system.

The most common operating system installed on a personal computer is MS Windows. An approximate view of the screen with the installed Windows operating system is shown in Fig. 2.

Windows boot stages

When you turn on the power or restart the PC, the self-test stage hardware (Power-OnSelf-Test, POST). At this time, the computer is running BIOS. If there are problems with hardware or settings, already at this stage, the PC signals them with a series of beeps.

Initialization at startup... After the POST tests are complete, the BIOS tries to locate the boot drive. The search order for a bootable disk (floppy drives, hard disks, CD-ROM drives, etc.) is set by the BIOS.

Bootloader operation... Windows Boot Loader allows you to select an OS other than Windows if you have multiple operating systems on the disk. Also when the Windows boot menu appears by pressing the , it is possible to choose one of the additional OS boot options:

a) are initialized low-level device drivers loaded in the previous step;

b) loaded and initialized drivers of other devices;

c) loaded programs, that should be completed before loading any services (for example, disk check);

d) loaded and initialized basic OS services;

e) swap file is created;

f) are launched subsystems required for operationWindows.

User registration... The OS services intended for this user are loaded.

Windows Management Tools

The main controls in Windows are the mouse cursor and mouse buttons.

To run the program, open windows, etc., you need to point the mouse cursor to the Windows interface element of interest (icon, menu item, etc.) and click the left mouse button. You can configure one of two options for clicking, double or single (as when working with Internet pages).

The functions of the right button include displaying the context menu for the selected object, as well as selecting and dragging objects (after completing the operations, the context menu appears).

Basic elements of the Windows interface

1. Window. One of the main elements of Windows. All Windows programs start in windows. Folders open as windows. The window is framed by a frame. In the upper part of the frame there is a strip with information about the program running in this window or an open folder. By placing the mouse cursor on this strip and holding down left button, it is possible to move the window around the screen. In the upper right corner of any window there are 3 icons that indicate typical operations that can be performed with windows:

cross closing the window;

rectangle(or two superimposed rectangles), the operation of expanding the window to full screen or, conversely, minimizing it to its usual size;

dash icon is designed so that the window can be removed from the screen at any time to the bottom of the desktop, to the taskbar.

There may be another icon in system windows - question mark - brief help on window elements.

In Windows, it is possible to open several windows at once. You can switch between windows using the mouse - clicking on the window will make it active, or using the keyboard shortcut + ... When you press the keys + the focus will switch between the windows on the screen.

2. Desktop. Appears immediately after loading Windows. It contains the most necessary programs and tools, presented in the form of icons and shortcuts.

Icon matches a single file (document or program) or folder. Each document type has its own icon, so file extensions are hidden by default. Any icons can be renamed, moved from folder to folder, deleted or copied with the mouse. It should be remembered that any operations with icons–these are operations with original files. Removing an icon from the desktop or from any folder physically removes the file from the disk.

Labels- a special type of icons, any operations with which will not affect the original files in any way. They differ from ordinary icons by the presence of a small black arrow in the lower left corner. The English term shortcut is not well translated by the word "shortcut". It would be more accurate to translate "pointer", since the shortcut on the desktop points to a file located elsewhere, serves as its shadow, a reflection, as it were.

You can create a shortcut to any object in Windows using the drag and drop method. Having pointed to the desired icon with the cursor, press the right mouse button and, without releasing it, "drag" the object into the required folder or onto the desktop. Having "reached" the icon to the desired location, release the mouse button. Next, click on the "Create shortcut" item in the context menu that opens.

3. Context menu. Called when the right mouse button is pressed. The content depends on the selected object.

4. Reference system. Help system Windows - contextual (the displayed help section depends on the place of call), interactive (capable of communicating with the user at a certain level), multilevel (different levels of detail of help information).

5. To work with files in Windows, the Internet Explorer program is used. The main purpose of this program is an Internet browser, but for working with files it transforms into "My Computer" and "Explorer".

6. Control Panel. The Control Panel contains icons for managing and configuring Windows. You can give the following settings: date / time; sound; gaming devices; Internet; keyboard; language setting; regional settings; modems; mouse; passwords; task Scheduler; users; printers; system; network; power management; Installation and removal of programms; equipment installation; fonts; screen; languages ​​and standards.

7. Basket... A special folder on the disk that contains files deleted by the user and the system. Using the context menu, it is possible to disable the use of the recycle bin, adjust the maximum size of the recycle bin, disable confirmation when deleting files, etc.

8. Task bar... Located at the bottom of the screen along with the Start menu button and toolbar. Each open window or running program is automatically displayed on the taskbar as a rectangular button. By clicking on the minimize button in the upper right corner of any window, you can hide it from the screen. However, the program or window will still be active in the system, and in order for it to reappear on the screen, you need to click on the corresponding button on the taskbar.

In the right corner of the taskbar there is a system time clock, an icon for controlling sound volume and display settings, as well as a number of icons for some other programs.

9. Menu« Start» . The main means of accessing installed programs. Contains the following submenus:

Programs. Contains many program groups, subfolders with shortcuts, each of which corresponds to a specific program. All basic Windows programs, that is, those programs that are installed with the OS itself, are located in the folder " Standard". For example, there is a simple text editor WordPad, a graphic editor Paint, a virtual calculator, etc. In the folder “ Service"There are programs for hard disk maintenance: disk check, disk cleanup, disk defragmentation, maintenance wizard, menu andsystem information". Folder " Entertainment»Combines programs for working with sound and video. Folder " Connection»Includes programs for connecting a computer with other PCs through a telephone line, home local area network or the Internet. The folder "" contains the shortcuts of those programs that will be launched immediately after the start of Windows;

reference;

Search... Designed to search for files and folders;

Customization... Provides access to the control panel, taskbar options, printer configuration menus and desktop settings ”;

Execute... DOS command line analog;

End of the session. Serves to end a Windows session without restarting the computer;

Completion of work.

Basic objects and methods of Windows OS management. Functions of the Windows operating system Basic objects and methods of control of the Windows OS All Microsoft operating systems: Windows 95 Windows 98 Windows Me Windows 2000 Windows XP Windows Vist and Windows 7 is an OS that provides multitasking work in a multi-window graphical user interface for many users. The main difference between Windows 98 and later from their predecessors is that they provide tighter integration with the Internet. Thus...

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Lecture 8. The main objects and methods of management of Windows. Windows operating system features

Basic objects and methods of Windows OS management

All Microsoft operating systems: Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows Me, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Vista and Windows 7 are the operating systems that providemultitasking work in multi-window graphical user interface many users.

The Windows OS Difference 98 and later versions from their predecessors mainly in that they provide moreclose integration with Internet.

All of these operating systems are capable of providing both batch and interactive modes of operation with the user.

In batch modeall the required programs and data are entered into the computer, after which the system automatically executes the specified sequence of commands. The result of the work is recorded in the RAM or in the processor registers. While executing commands, the computer not available for external control.

Conversational (interactive)the operating mode of the OS is much more progressive. In this mode, the computer is in direct interaction with the user and technical devices. The essence of the dialog mode is that the OS is waiting for the next user command. After executing it, the OS issues a response and waits for the next command. All personal computers work mainly in this mode.

Thus, any OS Windows is a software system that allows the user to work in interactive mode with a PC.

Possibility of interactive work of the user with PC based on the system interrupts provided by the processor PC.

The interrupt system organizes continuous polling of the keyboard, mouse and other devices with which the user communicates with PC.

Its task is that application programsdid not monopolizethe work of the processor, as well as so that various programs do not confuse their data stored in RAM. Thus, the interrupt system provides continuous control of all processes in PC in accordance withestablished priorities.

The user perceives the readiness of the OS to perform the next operation as a proposal to create an event.

The main tools for creating events are keyboard, mouse, and touchscreen. In addition, when peripheral devices are connected to the computer, they are automatically configured to process events associated with them, which provides a wizard to add hardware Plug - and - Play.

So when using the OS Windows , the computer is not only ready for a dialogue with the user, but is capable ofdevelop and improve.

Types of user interfaces:

• command interface strings (MS DOS, Norton Commander). Control body - keyboard;
• graphical interface (Windows etc.). Controls - keyboard and graphic manipulator "mouse", touch screen, etc.

GUI controls:

• active - this is the mouse cursor - a graphic object, the movement of which on the screen is synchronized with the movement of the mouse;
• passive Are graphical application controls (on-screen buttons, icons, radio buttons, check boxes, menu bars, drop-down lists, etc.).

Windows operating system features

Ensuring automatic start

For disk The operating system creates a record of the program code in a special (system) area of ​​the hard disk.

This code is accessed by programs located in BIOS (Basic Input / Output System ) - the basic input-output system of the computer. When they finish their work, they give a command to load the contents of the system area of ​​the storage device (in particular, the hard disk).

Non-disk OS are typical for specialized computing systems. These are embedded operating systems, in particular, automated control systems (ACS). Implementation of automatic launch in them is done in hardware.

File system organization

The principle of organizing the OS file system on disks - tabular in particular the file allocation table FAT (File Allocation Table).

The hard drive issurface set("whatnot"), each of which is divided into circular paths, and the track - into sectors. Size of each sector fixed and equal 512 bytes.

Reading and writing of information is carried out by heads that move along the tracks not separately, but simultaneously, therefore, instead of the concept of "track", the concept is used"cylinder".

Cylinder Is a set of all tracks on the disc that have the same numbers, that is, they are equidistant from the axis of rotation. Therefore, the location of the file is determined by 3 address components:sector number,surface number and cylinder number.

But sector is too small a unit for storing data, therefore, when addressing, a larger unit of data storage is used - cluster.

Cluster Is a group of adjacent sectors. Its size depends on the size of the hard drive. Typical cluster values: 8, 16, 32 and 64 sectors.

The cluster can only write data single file but the file can span multiple clusters.

If the disk is free, then the clusters belonging to the same file are written sequentially to adjacent clusters. But if the disk fills up, then clusters of one file can be scattered across the entire disk, that is, to be in any free space on disk memory.

In each of the clusters, a chain belonging to one file is written link to address next cluster. This allows you to efficiently use disk space, repeatedly erase and write files of various sizes, without worrying about where their clusters are located.

Data about which cluster the disk is in begins file are stored in the system area of ​​the disk, namely, in a special file allocation table: FAT table(File Allocation Table) or NTFS (New Technology File System).

For reliability, it is written in two copies, the identity of which is constantly monitored by means of the OS.

The outdated version of the OS - Windows 95 used 16-bit addresses in the file allocation table. This file system was called FAT 16.

She allowed to place no more 65536 (2 16 ) records about the location of files, that is, their addresses and characteristics.

As a result, even if the disk cluster has the maximum size, i.e., it consists of of 64 sectors, and is equal to:

512 x 64 = 32768 bytes or 32.7K B,

then with the number of addresses 65536 you can work with hard disks, the size of which does not exceed:

32768 x 65536 = 2 15 x 2 16 = 2 147 483 648 = 2.15 G B,

which, of course, held back the development of computer technology.

Therefore, in Windows 98, Windows 2000, Windows Me, a more advanced 32-bit file system was used - FAT 32, which provides storage of 232 or 4.3 billion addresses and work with disks whose size reaches:

32768 x 4 294 967 296 = 215 x 232 = 140 737.5 GB> 140 TB

which ensures work with modern discs.

The line of Windows NT operating systems also works in a 32-bit file system - NTFS, but much more advanced, providing greater operational reliability.

Cluster size in the system NTFS can be installedat the discretion of the userwhen formatting a disk.

In practice, the size of the cluster is limited four kilobytes in order to as much as possiblemore effectiveuse disk space.

At the same time, the theoretically maximum volume size NTFS is 17.6 TB.

However, due to limitations associated with ensuring the reliability of the file system, this value is reduced to 2.2 TB that at the moment the development of information technology is quite enough.

File system maintenance

The tabular file system is presented to the user in the form of the most convenient hierarchical structures. All necessary transformations of the file structure are provided by the OS.

File structure maintenance functions:

• creating and naming files;
• creating and naming directories;
• renaming files and directories;
• copying and moving files between computer disks and disk directories;
• deleting files and directories;
• navigation through the file structure;
• file attributes management (read-only; hidden; system; archive).

View file attributes: (right mouse button on file name) - Properties.

In the latest versions of the OS, two attributes are subject to customization: read-only and hidden.

Application execution control

From the point of view of managing the execution of applications (programs), a distinction is made between single-tasking and multi-tasking Operating Systems.

Single-tasking operating systems, in particular MS DOS , transfer all resources to one executable application and do not allow any parallel execution of another application.

At the same time, in single-tasking operating systems, the simultaneous operation of special programs called resident. They don't rely on the OS, they workdirectlywith the processor using its interrupt system.

Multitasking OS systems, for example Windows manage distribution PC resources between tasks and provide:

• the possibility of simultaneous or sequential operation of several applications;
• the ability to exchange data between different applications;
• the ability to share software, hardware, network and other resources by several applications.

Windows 9x systems are multitasking operating systems, but they are not reliable enough.

A successful combination of reliability and versatility has already been achieved in Windows 2000, and until recently it was the main operating system for specialized workstations.

Currently, the most common operating systems are: powerful and reliable Windows XP, and more recently Windows 7.

Installing and uninstalling applications

Distributive the program kit is a semi-finished product from which a full-fledged working application is formed during the installation process. At the same time, the application is bound to the existing hardware and software environment and is configured to work in it. (The kit has launch files either setup .exe or install .exe).

Correct installation and removal must be carried out through the "Control Panel", the "Add or Remove Programs" section along the path: "Start" - "Control Panel" - "Programs and Features".

It is recommended to close all running applications before installing. After installing the application in previous operating systems, as a rule, a computer restart was required. But already in Windows XP, the need for a reboot rarely arises, although sometimes it may still be required. After rebooting, the components of the installed program are activated.

Removing applications is also carried out only through the Control Panel. This is necessary due to the fact that the principle of resource sharing is implemented in Windows OS, therefore, it cannot be allowed that when you uninstall one application, resources on which other applications rely are deleted, even if these resources were once installed together with the application being uninstalled.

After the process of uninstalling the application, some application components (folder and files) remain that are responsible for uninstalling the application. They should be removed to the Trash manually and monitor the system performance for several days. If it is not broken, then the components from the Trash can be deleted.

Interfacing with hardware

Each hardware developer applies to it special hardware control software - drivers. As a rule, several drivers are released, namely, for each of the operating systems: DOS, Windows 95/98 / Me, Windows NT / 2000 / XP / 7, etc.

In DOS OS, device drivers are loaded as resident programs that directly work with the processor and other devices on the motherboard. In this case, the participation of the OS was limited only to provide the user with the opportunity to download the driver. Further, the driver itself intercepted interrupts used to access the device, and ruled its interaction with the calling program.

Commands for loading and configuring drivers, as a rule, are included in the files that are automatically read when the PC boots. In DOS OS, such files are called configuration files, there are two of them: config.sys and autoexec.bat ... They include, first of all, commands for loading keyboard drivers, mouse drivers, CD and DVD drives, sound card, etc.

Modern operating systems Windows usually does not need drivers obtained from the device manufacturer, but uses driversfrom its own database.

In this case, Windows of all versions allow you to manage not only the installation and registration of software device drivers, but also the process of hardware-logical connections in general.

Each connected device can use up to three motherboard hardware resources:

• addresses of external ports of the processor;
• processor interrupts;
• DMA channels.

The legacy buses ISA (Industry Standard Architecture) and EISA (Extended - extended), used earlier before the appearance of the bus PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect , i.e. - the relationship of peripheral components), did not support the principleautomatic installation equipment.

In this situation, the OS only took into account the resources already captured by devices and did not provide their dynamic redistribution.

Only when connecting peripherals to the motherboard via the bus PCI there was a technical possibility of organizing feedback between the motherboard and the connected equipment, which allowed the operating system to analyze the device requirements for the allocation of resources to them and flexibly respond to them, excluding the seizure of the same resources by different devices.

The principle of dynamic allocation of OS resources is called Plug - and - Play (plug and play), and devices that satisfy this principle areself-aligning.

In this case, the installation of equipment is carried out automatically through the section of the Control Panel "Hardware Installation" using the "Installation Wizard" program.

Computer maintenance

Produced by including standard service applications in the standard OS: Start - All Programs - Standard- Service.

Utilities are also opened by right-clicking on the drive's name and selecting the "Properties" option.

Disk checking tools

These tools are a mandatory requirement for any OS. The check is carried out in two categories:

• logical integrity of the file structure;
• physical diagnostics of the surface.

Logical errors are eliminated by means of the OS, and physical errors are only localized and excluded from active work.

Logical errors have two characteristic manifestations: lost clusters and shared clusters.

Lost clustersare formed as a result of an incorrect exit from the system (shutdown while the program is running or an incomplete exit procedure from the OS). They are not used, but the program reports that they are busy with files. This error is easily eliminated by the standard OS utility.

(disk checker ScanDisk).

An error manifested as common clusters , characterized by the fact that according to the data FAT -tables two or more files claim the same disk space. The reason for this may be incorrect recovery of previously deleted data using non-system tools due to their inadequacy or violation of the order of data recovery operations (in particular, recovery of files written by Windows tools, MS DOS tools). This error is countered by re-writing both conflicting files. One of them is necessarily corrupted, but, however, there is a high likelihood of damage to the other file.

The section of standard utility tools contains optimization tools: cleaning, defragmentation, disk compression, as well as programs for editing the registry, system recovery, etc.

Virtual memory management tools

Modern OS, in particular OS Windows , not only provide direct access to the entire field of RAM, but also allow it to expand due to the virtual memory created on the hard disk. Virtual memory is implemented in the form of the so-called swap file.

If there is not enough RAM capacity for the application to work, part of the memory is temporarily freed with the data image (paging file) saved on the hard disk. Since the speed of RAM is many times (three orders of magnitude) higher than mechanical operations with a hard disk, the performance PC increases significantly. This is especially effective when multitasking.

However, it should be noted that when changing the tasks being performed, saving data to or reading from the hard disk slightly reduces the performance of the PC. Therefore, the OS takes care of all the necessary data exchange between the RAM and the disk, changing the size automatically.

But you can also change the size of the paging file and manually along the path:Computer - Properties - Advanced system settings - Performance - etc.

However, this must be done with care so as not to accidentally slow down the computer's performance.

Disk caching tools

Due to the fact that the interaction of the processor with the disks of the computer occurs much slower than operations of exchange with RAM, sometimes it is advisable to store in RAM the data read from the disk, which is constantly used when solving any current task.

Moreover, when the processor needs to repeatedly access data previously read from the disk, it finds them in a specially designated area of ​​RAM, called disk cache.

In modern operating systems, this function is included in system core and it works automatically, although some customization is reserved for the user.

Data backup tools

When working with important data, the necessary means of protecting it is to ensure that it is copied to an external medium. This also applies to operating systems.

Usually OS contains basic utilities like ntbackup.exe for backing up or archiving data. As a result of copying, disk images of the computer are saved, i.e. configuration, settings, etc.

In Windows 7, you can also create a system repair disc along the path:Start - All Programs - Maintenance.

In addition to this possibility, OS recovery can be carried out by creating a restore point along the path:Control Panel - System and Security - System - System Protection - Create.

The process of restoring an OS from a restore point is carried out along the path:All programs - Standard - System Tools - System Restore - (select point ...).

Other operating system functions

These include:

• the ability to work in a local network without special support - a peer-to-peer network;
• providing access to the Internet;
• the ability to create an Internet server by means of, its maintenance and management, including a remote way, of a remote connection;
• availability of means of protection against unauthorized access;
• the ability to ensure the comfortable work of several users while maintaining the individual settings of the working environment;
• the ability to automatically service a PC according to a specified schedule or under control from a remote server;
• the ability to work for persons with physical disabilities.

Modern operating systems include a standard set of application software that allows you to solve practical problems:

PAGE 3

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Windows operating system

Computer science

The discipline "Informatics" refers to the disciplines of the basic part of the mathematical and natural science cycle of the federal state educational standards of higher professional education (FSES HPE) for all areas of training. In the study of computer science, an important role is assigned to the development of professional skills of a personal computer user who owns basic software for information processing.

This textbook is an integral part of the educational and methodological complex for the discipline "Informatics". In the manual, in accordance with the program of the discipline, the main functions and characteristics of operating systems (OS) of personal computers, Windows XP operating system (hereinafter - Windows OS) are considered; basics of working with objects and controls; basic operations with files and folders in OS windows and using file managers.

IN study guide presented:

· Background information with elements of theory on the topic under study;

· Guidelines for laboratory work;

· Basic and additional technological methods required for laboratory work;

· Individual control tasks;

· Test tasks to assess the assimilation of the basic didactic units.

The study of this topic and the implementation of laboratory work contributes to the formation of general cultural and professional competencies in students in accordance with the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard of Higher Professional Education, necessary for solving educational and professional tasks in the conditions of informatization of modern society.

1 Operating systems of personal computers.

Basic operating system concepts

The purpose of studying the topic- study of the main functions and characteristics of the OS of personal computers.

Topic questions:

· Basic concepts of operating systems.

· Types of OS for personal computers.

· Basics of working with the operating system Windows XP.

Having studied the topic, the student should:

know:

· Basic concepts, functions and classification of operating systems;

· The main types of OS for personal computers;

be able to:

· Work with objects and controls of Windows OS;

· Work with the commands of the Main menu of Windows OS.

have skills:

· Work with objects and controls of Windows OS;

· Work with different versions of Windows.

When mastering the topic, you must:

· Study theoretical material;

· Pay attention to the basic concepts, functions and classification of the OS;

· Consider the features of the OS, paying special attention to information about the Windows OS;

· Execute laboratory works to acquire skills on the topic under study; master the tools and techniques for working with objects and controls of the Windows OS and the technology of working with folders and document files.

Operating system(OS) - a set of software tools that provide control of the computer hardware and application programs, as well as their interaction with each other and the user.

The OS is usually stored on disks. When the computer is turned on, it is read from disk memory and placed in RAM. This process is called loading the operating system or by loading the computer.

An OS can be called a computer control software. The main OS functions includes:

· Providing a dialogue with the user;

· I / O control;

· Launching programs for execution;

· Planning and organization of the data processing process;

· Distribution of resources (RAM, processor, external devices) between running programs;

· Organization of storage and access to data on external storage devices;

Data transfer between the internal devices of a computer or computers,

· Service functions.

OS are classified:

· by the number of simultaneously executed tasks on the single-tasking and multitasking.

Single-tasking operating systems perform the function of providing the user with a virtual computing machine, making it simple and user-friendly interface interaction with a computer, controls peripherals and files. A multitasking OS, in addition to the above functions, manages the sharing of shared resources such as processor, RAM, files, and external devices;

· by the number of concurrent users on the single-user and multiplayer.

The main difference between multi-user operating systems and single-user operating systems is the availability of means to protect the information of each user from unauthorized access by other users;

· by the features of resource management algorithms on the local and network.

Local operating systems manage the resources of an individual computer, while network operating systems participate in managing network resources;

· by the method of allocating processor time between several processes running simultaneously in the system on the OS non-preemptive multitasking and preemptive multitasking.

In non-preemptive multitasking, the scheduling mechanism is distributed between the system and application programs, while in preemptive multitasking, the task scheduling mechanism is entirely concentrated in the OS. In non-preemptive multitasking, the active process runs until it, on its own initiative, transfers control to the operating system to select another process ready to run from the queue. In preemptive multitasking, the decision to switch the processor from one process to another is made by the operating system, not by itself. active process;

· by hardware orientation on the personal computer operating systems, servers, mainframes, clusters;

· by hardware platform on the dependent and mobile.

In mobile operating systems, hardware-dependent places are localized so that when the system is transferred to a new platform, only they are overwritten. A tool that facilitates porting an OS to another type of computer is to write it in a machine-independent language, for example, in C [C];

· by specifics of areas of use on OS batch processing, time sharing, real time.

Batch processing systems are designed to solve computational problems that do not require fast results. The main goal and criterion for the effectiveness of batch processing systems is the maximum throughput, that is, solving the maximum number of tasks per unit of time. In time-sharing systems, each user is provided with a terminal from which he can conduct a dialogue with his program. Each task is allocated a certain quantum of processor time, so that no task takes up the processor for a long time. If the time slice is chosen small, then all users working on the same computer at the same time have the impression that each of them is using the machine alone. Real-time systems are used to control various technical objects and technological processes when there is a maximum allowable time during which one or another object control program must be executed. Failure to complete the program on time can lead to an emergency. Thus, the criterion for the effectiveness of real-time systems is their ability to withstand predetermined time intervals between the launch of the program and the receipt of the result - the control action.

Each operating system has its own command language that allows the user to perform certain actions. Analysis and execution of user commands, including loading programs into RAM and their execution is carried out by the OS command processor.

OS interfaces. According to the implementation of the user interface, a distinction is made between non-graphic and graphic Operating Systems. There are the following types of user interfaces:

· command line interface(implemented by non-graphical operating systems) - the main control device is a keyboard.

Control commands are entered in the command line field, where they can be edited. Execution of the command begins after its approval, for example, by pressing the ENTER key. For computers of the IBM PC platform, the command line interface is provided by a family of operating systems under the general name MS-DOS (versions from MS-DOS 1.0 to MS-DOS 6.2);

· graphical interface(implemented by graphical operating systems) - a type of interface in which, in addition to the keyboard, a mouse or an adequate positioning device can be used as a control.

Graphical interface- a system of windows, dialog panels and controls that provide an interactive user dialogue with the OS, programs and applications.

Working with a graphical OS is based on the interaction of active and passive on-screen controls. The mouse pointer acts as the active control - graphic object whose movement on the screen is synchronized with the movement of the mouse. Graphical application controls (elements of dialog panels - buttons, radio buttons, checkboxes, drop-down lists, etc .; menu bars and many others) act as passive controls. The nature of the interaction between active and passive controls is up to the user.

In the software and operating systems sector, the leading positions are occupied by IBM, Microsoft, Novell, Apple, etc.

Types of OS for personal computers. The most common types of operating systems for personal computers (PCs):

· MS DOS OS (Microsoft Disk Operating System - MicroSoft's disk operating system) - the most common operating system for 16-bit personal computers, created in 1981 by order of IBM for the IBM PC.

Main characteristics of the first versions of MS DOS: work on a PC of only one user and one program; work only with floppy disks, keyboard and monitor (then support for new devices appeared using drivers); support for hierarchical file structure; availability of service programs - utilities, etc.

Advantages of MS DOS: compactness; modest PC requirements; performance of the minimum required functions. Disadvantages of MS DOS: single-tasking (although there are software tools that allow you to run several DOS programs and switch between them); poor means of protection against unauthorized access and collective work with data; lack of a standard interface.

The impossibility of introducing fundamental improvements to MS DOS led to the creation of new operating systems.

· Unix OS... UNIX- a group of portable, multitasking and multiuser operating systems. The first UNIX system was developed in 1969. UNIX time are used mainly on servers, as well as embedded systems for various equipment. In the OS market for workstations and home use, UNIX lost ground to other operating systems, primarily Microsoft Windows although existing software solutions for Unix-systems allow you to implement full-fledged workstations, both for office and home use.

The main factors that ensure the popularity of Unix: compatibility with other platforms, openness of the system; multitasking; support for international standards; simple user interface; single hierarchical file system; a large number of applications.

· Linux OS ... The creation of the Linux system began in 1991 by Finnish student Linus Torvalds, who distributed the first prototype of his operating system (with an open source code) and urged everyone who likes it or not to respond to his work. From that moment on, many programmers began to support Linux, adding device drivers, developing various applications, etc. The atmosphere of enthusiastic work on a useful project, as well as the free distribution and use of source codes, became the basis of the Linux phenomenon. Linux is currently a very powerful server stable system, and it's free.

Linux kernel supports multitasking, virtual memory, dynamic link libraries, lazy loading, powerful memory management, and many networking protocols.

· Windows OS. Microsoft Windows OS (windows from English - windows) is a family of operating systems from Microsoft. Chronology of releases of major versions of Windows:

Windows NT 3.1 (1993)

Windows 2000 - Windows NT 5.0 (2000);

Windows XP - Windows NT 5.1 (2001);

Windows Vista - Windows NT 6.0 (2006);

Windows 7 - Windows NT 6.1 (2009);

Windows 8 - Windows NT 6.2 (2012);

Windows 10 (2014).

The main strategic task of creating the Windows 9x families was to transfer users to new 32-bit programs while maintaining the continuity of programs written for MS-DOS. Windows 9x is an OS with a graphical interface and advanced network capabilities, used for both desktop and laptop computers.

Windows NT (NT - from English. New Technology) - 32-bit OS with built-in network support and advanced multi-user tools. The Windows NT family is a preemptive multitasking operating system. This operating system is very convenient for users working within a local network, for collective users, especially for groups working on large projects and exchanging data.

The Windows 2000 family is an operating system for business use on a wide variety of computers - from laptops to servers. This OS is one of the best for doing business on the Internet.

Windows XP is a continuation of the development of the Windows 2000 operating system. This operating system is mainly aimed at client PCs.

Windows Vista ("vista" - "new opportunities", "opening prospects" - network OS. This version provides increased security and reliability of data, compatibility with most modern means communications, simplified OS installation on several computers.

Windows 7 is a version of the operating system that focuses on speed, application and device compatibility, reliability, security, and increased battery life.

Windows Mobile is a new generation OS designed for use in mobile computing devices with a number of improved features.

Windows 8 - an operating system belonging to the Microsoft Windows family of OS, uses a new interface called Metro, uses techniques Windows work 7.

Windows 10 is an operating system belonging to the Windows OS family; a single OS for different devices: computer, smartphone, tablet or any other gadget. The OS has a single development platform and a single application store.

Basics of working with the operating system Windows XP. The basics of working with the Windows XP operating system are reduced to the study of objects and controls Desktop and Taskbars.

Windows desktop. After turning on the computer and starting Windows, you can see on the screen Desktop- Windows OS system object (Figure 1.1), graphical environment on which the objects(as graphic icons) and controls (Task bar- horizontal bar at the bottom of the screen).

Windows OS objects. Everything objects in Windows OS are presented as graphic icons(pictograms). The objects are system folders, folders with documents(files), separate the documents(files), web pages, applications or programs and etc.

TO system folders include My Computer, My Network Places, Trash. My computer is a special folder that provides access to the main elements of the PC, allows you to view the contents of disks and perform various operations with files and folders (launching programs, copying, moving, deleting files, creating folders, etc.). Recycle Bin is a special folder used to temporarily store the names of deleted objects from which they can be restored). Network Neighborhood is a special folder that is used to view the contents of drives of computers connected to the local network and perform various operations on them.

Folder(directory) is a named place on a disk where file names, information about the size of files, and when they were created are stored. Folders are used to organize programs and documents on disk and can contain both files and other folders. All folders in Windows are marked with a folder icon. File- a sequence of bytes that has a name and is stored in non-volatile (external) memory. A file is the primary storage unit that allows a computer to distinguish one set of data from another. Files of the same type are identified by the same icons. Document - a file that is created and processed by an application in Windows (for example, a text document created in an office application Word). Application- This application program, which is designed specifically for Windows and has the same user interface as the OS (for example, Word applications, Excel, etc., included in the MS Office package). Program- This is an ordered sequence of commands that the computer executes in the process of data processing (distinguish between basic, system, service and application programs).

Figure 1.1 - Desktop of WINDOWS OS

For quick access to objects that are often used in work, it is advisable to use on Desktop the labels of these objects. Label(graphical icon with a small slanted arrow) - a link to an object located elsewhere. Windows OS point of view label Is a special file that stores data about the parameters and position of the object on the disk. When referring to label the system, using the information about the location of the object stored in it, finds and launches (calls to the screen) the object.

Object icons and labels have labels - labels that are located below them. Object icons and labels let you manipulate those objects. The techniques for working with icons and shortcuts are the same, and the consequences of these actions may differ. For example, deleting (or moving) an icon leads to deleting (or moving) an object, copying an icon leads to copying an object; deleting (or moving) the shortcut leads to the deletion (or transfer) of the pointer, but not the object, copying the shortcut, leads to the copying of the pointer, but not the object. You can open (run) an object by double-clicking on the icon or shortcut of this object.

Using shortcuts when working with objects provides essential convenience for the user:

· Saves time due to quick access to the object associated with the shortcut;

· Saves space on the hard disk, because there is no need to copy the file to other folders, which would lead to a significant consumption of working space on the hard disk (and you can create an unlimited number of shortcuts for one object);

· There is no problem with data synchronization, because When launching a file from different folders through the shortcuts placed in them, only one object associated with the shortcuts is always edited, which is especially important when sharing data.

Windows OS controls. Task bar - one of the main controls in Windows. In the left corner Taskbars there is a Start button that opens Main menu Windows OS, with the help of which the user gets access to all programs installed under the OS, to files (documents), to system resources, to all the tools for setting it up, to the PC shutdown mode. To the right of the Start button is Quick Launch Bar, in which the user places the icons of the programs with which he works most often. Next are buttons for active applications and open folders and files that appear in Taskbars immediately after launching the corresponding application or opening a folder or file. The button always contains the name of the open object. Clicking a button in Taskbars brings the object window to the front. In the right corner Taskbars located Display panel(notification area), where the current time indicators, Ru (En) keyboard layouts and others are located. Other icons are temporarily displayed in the notification area to indicate the status of operations in progress (for example, after sending a document to print, the printer icon is displayed in the notification area while the document is printing). Task bar- custom panel. You can change its size, move it, apply auto-hide, change its appearance, etc. Commands for changing settings can be called from the context menu Taskbars or the Start button (Properties Taskbar Design of the Taskbar).

Working with the "mouse". After Windows is loaded, a graphic object called the mouse cursor appears on the screen. "Mouse" is a manipulator-type control device for working with a graphical interface. Moving the "mouse" on the table causes the cursor to move on the screen, which makes it possible to position it on object icons or on application controls.

Structurally, a standard "mouse" consists of 2 keys and a scroll wheel (or 3 keys). One of the mouse keys is the primary one (usually the left one); it is used to perform actions with objects (for example, selecting and moving objects across the screen, etc.). The second key (usually the right one) is called an additional key or a context menu key. Methods of control with the "mouse" - clicks (click) and movement (drag).

Mouse actions:

· freeze(pointing to an object) - hovering the mouse pointer over an object icon or a control element (in this case, a tooltip appears on the screen, briefly characterizing the object's properties);

· click(simple click) - pressing and releasing the left mouse button (for example, to select an object or menu item);

· double click- two quick clicks with the left mouse button at the same point on the screen (for example, it selects an object and launches it or opens a menu item);

· right click- pressing and releasing the right mouse button, while calling the context menu containing commands that are valid when working with the selected object, and depends on the current state (context) of the object;

· dragging(drag-and-drop - drag and drop) - pressing and holding the left mouse button along with its movement (this moves objects across the screen, which ends when the button is released);

· stretching"Mouse" (click-and-drag - click and drag) - is performed like dragging, but this does not move the object, but changes its shape (for example, resizing the window);

· special drag- performed like dragging, but with the right mouse button pressed, this brings up a special drag-and-drop menu with a set of possible commands (it is convenient to use, for example, when copying or moving folders, selected paragraphs of text, table cells, etc.).

Windows OS windows. The term "windows" in translation from English means "windows". Working in Windows is reduced to working with windows. Several types of windows are distinguished by the presence of homogeneous controls and design: folder windows, dialog boxes(dialog panels), help windows, application windows, document windows. Window Is a rectangular area of ​​the screen, bounded by frames, within which various Windows programs run. Each program has its own window, while all windows have the same structure and set of controls. Having mastered the basic actions with windows, the user gains the necessary skills to work with any program of the Windows OS.

The Windows OS folder window contains the following required elements (Figure 1.2):

· title line(1) - in the left corner contains system icon, the view of which depends on the category of the object, clicking on this icon opens service menu, whose commands allow you to control the size and position of the window on Desktop, when you call the context menu, the system menu;Near system icon indicated open folder name(or applications); right in title bar there are three window control buttons(- Minimize, which temporarily minimizes the window as a button in Task bar, or - replaceable buttons Maximize or Minimize to window, which "expand" the window to full screen or switch the view mode from full-screen to normal, windowed mode, - Close, which removes the window from the screen and stops working with the object);

· window menu bar(2) - has standard view for Windows OS windows, contains a list of commands, thematically grouped into items; when you click on each of the items, a drop-down menu opens containing a specific group of commands, while if an ellipsis is shown, a dialog box opens with additional information, if an arrow is shown (black triangle or double arrows), then nested pop-up menu items open ; in window menu bar the items File, Edit, View, Favorites, Service, Help, others must be present possible options depend on the category of the object;

· toolbar(3) - custom panel (ViewÞ Toolbar), contains command buttons (icons) that provide quick access to the most frequently used commands from window menu;

· address bar (4) - allows you to quickly jump to other sections of the file structure (for example, to a folder on another disk);

· Workspace(5) - the inner part of the window, contains subfolders or document windows; there is a list of tasks next to it, you can select a file or folder, and then select a task to rename, copy, move, or delete that file or folder, you can also send the file by email or publish it on the Internet; in addition to the main tasks for files and folders, there are several folders with links to specialized tasks;

· scroll bars - horizontal and vertical (6) – appear if the dimensions work area the windows are not sufficient to view the entire contents of the object; scroll bars have a slider and two end buttons; scrolling is performed by clicking on one of the end buttons, dragging the slider or clicking on the scroll bar above or below the slider;

· status bar(7) - contains current information about the object;

· window borders(8) - frame bounding the window from four sides; the window can be resized by doing dragging through with the left mouse button outside the frame or behind " eyelet"(Bottom-right frame element).

Figure 1.2 - Window of the My Computer folder

Dialog boxes in Windows. In addition to object windows, when working with Windows, you often have to deal with dialog panels(interactive panels with various control elements), which serve to organize a dialogue between the PC and the user, in particular: to communicate any information to the user (Figure 1.3); to receive a response to any request (Figure 1.4); to select an object or set its parameters (Figure 1.5).

In the first case, the user must take note of the information provided and press the OK button (Figure 1.3), in the second case, press the required button to answer the request (Figure 1.4).

In the third case dialog panel may contain the controls needed to select the desired commands. In appearance, such panels can be single-page and multi-page (Figure 1.5).

To the main controls dialog panels relate:

· tabs- "pages" of the dialog panel, selection tabs

· buttons- pressing the button provides the execution of an action (a function embedded in the button), the inscription on the button explains its purpose;

· input fields(text boxes) - edit fields, to enter text information, left-click the "mouse" in entry field and enter the desired text from the keyboard;

· the lists- a set of values ​​to choose from; drop-down list- a text field equipped with a button with an arrow directed downward; the list is expanded by left clicking the "mouse";

· switches(white circle) - to select one of the mutually exclusive options, the selection is carried out by clicking the left mouse button, the selected option is indicated by a circle with a dot inside;

· flags(box with a "checkmark") - assigns certain values ​​to the parameter (checkboxes can be located both in groups and individually), setting checkboxes carried out by clicking the left mouse button;

· counters- a pair of arrows allowing you to change discretely (step by step) the value in the associated field by clicking the left mouse button on the arrow for this;

· sliders- sliders for smooth parameters change;

· demo window(or line Sample) - shows the result of the setting made.

Figure 1.5 - Multi-page dialog panel: setting object parameters

You can use the Tab key to move from one group of dialog panel elements to another, and the cursor keys can be used to move between elements within a group. Many dialog panels are multipage. Figure 6 shows a multi-page dialog panel... The OS will make the changes indicated in the dialog box only if the OK (or Apply) key is pressed, selecting the Cancel key will save the previous settings and close dialog panel.

The structure and purpose of the Windows OS main menu. Main menu- one of the main system controls in Windows. It opens by clicking on the Start button in Taskbars. Appearance Main menu can be changed. Commands for changing settings can be called from the context menu of the Start button (Properties Start menu Þ Customize ...). Classic look Main menu and the view adopted in Windows XP have only external differences. In terms of structure, Main menu contains two sections - mandatory, generated by the OS, and arbitrary, formed by the user.

Main sections Main menu Windows XP (Figure 1.6): 1 - the name of the current user (generated when creating a user account); 2 - Internet programs for web browsing and Email(the choice of the type of programs is set by the user during setup); 3 - a list of recently used programs (the number of items is determined by the user when setting up); 4 - main system folders (the display is set by the user during setup); 5 - customization tools; 6 - help, support, search; 7 - programs; 8 - logout and shutdown of the PC. Main menu- multilevel: when you hover the mouse pointer over an item, a system of nested menu items opens.

The system folders My Documents, My Pictures and My Music are used to store text documents, pictures (photo and other graphic files) and sound files, respectively. The item Recent documents gives access to shortcuts of the last fifteen documents with which the user worked. The item My Computer - opens a special system folder that provides access to the file structure.

Basic configuration tools - items Main menu Control Panel (allows you to customize the look and functionality of your PC, install and uninstall programs, configure network connections, etc.) and Printers and Faxes (displays installed devices and allows you to add new ones).

Item Help and Support Main menu(Figure 1.7) provides access to the Windows OS help system (the same can be done from the menu bar of any folder window: Help Help and Support Center). There are three main ways to use the Windows OS help system (regardless of the OS version): search for information in the hierarchical tree of sections, in the alphabetical index, and in the content of articles. Thus, in the Windows XP help system, the selection of the required topic can be made on the Help topic pane, where the content of the selected topic is presented in the form of a hierarchical data structure, the content of the selected article is displayed in the right pane. When searching for an exact name or term, you can use the Index button (in the left pane, a term is selected from the alphabetical list, and the content of the article in which the term is used is displayed in the right pane). To search for a keyword, use the Find field and the Start Search button. Use the Back and Forward toolbar buttons to navigate the help panels, and return to home page the Home button is used. The Favorites button allows you to save help pages for quick viewing later. The History button displays a list of all pages visited in the current session in the help window. The Support button allows you to contact someone else or Microsoft Support for help. The Options button allows you to select options for customizing the Help and Support Center.

In addition, Windows XP provides several levels of access to the help system in dialog boxes:

· Through a special button? (Help), after clicking on which the mouse pointer takes the form of a question mark, if you hover it over the control and left-click, a tooltip appears);

· Via the context hint (after right-clicking on the control, a context hint button appears. What is this ?, by left-clicking a pop-up hint).

Windows OS uses tooltips that give instant information about an object or control when you hover over it. The windows of programs and applications provide access to their help system.

Item Search Main menu opens access to dialog box Search results, designed to organize a search for objects and any information on a local computer, on a network server or on the Internet. Search results are displayed in a special window that looks like a folder window and which you can use to launch the found program, folder or document.

The search for files and folders is carried out according to several main criteria: by name and address. If you do not know the exact name of the file, you can enter only a part of it in the Part of the file name or the whole file name field. When specifying a name, you can use the wildcard characters * and ?. Symbol? replaces any single character. For example, under pattern 199 ? all objects are suitable, in the names of which there is any year from 199 0 to 199 9 ... The * symbol means any character or character set. For example, search by pattern 1 * 4 can give the following results: 14, 1 23g 4, 199 4, 1program 4, etc. The * symbol is often used to list all files with the same extension. For example, the * .doc template will find all files with the doc extension, i.e. all files created in the text editor MS Word. The location of the file is selected from the drop-down list (the Browse button is used to limit the search scope to one folder).

When searching, you can use additional criteria: the date of the last change (paragraph When were made last changes?), file size (item What is the file size?), file type (item Advanced options). There are additional hidden controls in the search bar for this, which are displayed when you click on the drop-down arrow. When searching text document you can search by its content (enter key phrase in the Word or phrase in file field).

Item Execute Main menu serves to launch Windows and DOS programs, open folders and documents. In the Open field of the Run Program dialog box, you must enter a command, the full name of the document folder or Internet resource to open them. The Browse button is used to select a program or document.

To run programs from Main menu the All Programs item is used. Along with the names of applications, the All programs item may contain folders for individual groups or categories of programs (for example, the Standard folder contains programs included in the OS delivery that allow the user to solve some tasks of operating the OS and working with a PC). Each of these folders opens an additional submenu. Moving through the submenu tree, you can get to the name of the desired program.

Items Main menu Logout and Shutdown allow you to properly shut down Windows to avoid damage to your PC and loss of data. If you want to interrupt the session and allow another user to work with the PC, you must do the following: close the windows of all active applications and folders; click the Logout button, in the Logout Windows dialog box that appears, click the Change user button (after that, another user can log on to the OS). When you finish working with a PC, you must do the following: close the windows of all active applications and folders; select the Shutdown item; in the Turn off computer dialog box that appears, select the Shutdown item; click the OK button; turn off the power to the PC.

Attention! In case of an emergency shutdown (or "freezing" of programs), you must use the simultaneous pressing of the Ctrl-Alt-Delete keys. In the Windows Task Manager dialog box, select the Applications tab and the End task command. Pressing the Ctrl-Alt-Delete keys again will restart the PC, and all unsaved data will be lost!