How much information is there on the World Wide Web. The main information resources of the Internet. Working with search engines

The rapid development of the Internet, which has been taking place over the past 15 years, is primarily due to the emergence of the World Wide Web. The World Wide Web is a loose translation of the English phrase "World Wide Web", often referred to as WWW or Web.

World Wide Web Technology. The World Wide Web uses hypertext technology, in which documents are linked using hyperlinks.

As link pointers Web pages can use text fragments that are highlighted with color and underlining, as well as graphics that are highlighted with a frame. Activating the link pointer on the original Web page (for example, clicking with the mouse) leads to a transition to the desired Web page (Figure 6.10).

The World Wide Web are hundreds of millions of Internet Web servers containing hundreds of billions of Web pages that use hypertext technology.

The web page can be multimedia, that is, it can contain various multimedia objects: graphics, animation, sound and video.

The web page can be interactive, that is, contain forms with fields that are used when registering users of free e-mail, when shopping in online stores, etc.

Thematically related Web pages are usually in the form Website, that is, an integral system of documents linked together into a single whole with the help of links.

Web page address. Currently, the Internet's Web servers host an enormous number of Web pages. You can find a Web page on the Internet by using a Web page address.

Web page address includes a method of accessing the document and the name of the Internet server that hosts the document.

The Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is used to access Web pages. When recording a protocol, its name is followed by a colon and two slashes: http: //

As an example, let's write down the address of the title page of the Computer Science and Information Technology Web site. The page is located on the server iit.metodist.ru, therefore, the address takes the form:

http://iit.metodist.ru

Browsers. Browsing web pages is carried out using special viewers - browsers. Currently, the most common browsers are Internet Explorer, Mozilla, and Opera.

The browser window (Fig. 6.11) contains the standard elements of the application window:
- window menu containing sets of commands File, Edit, View, Favorites, Service and reference;
- a toolbar, the buttons of which allow you to switch from one Web page to another (buttons Forward, Back, Home), as well as manage the process of their loading (buttons Stop, Refresh);
- text field Address:, into which the Internet address of the desired Web page is entered from the keyboard or selected from the list;
- the work area in which web pages are viewed.

Rice. 6.11. Internet Explorer, Mozilla and Opera browsers

Virtual travel on the World Wide Web. If the computer is connected to the Internet, then you can launch one of the browsers and go on a virtual trip on the World Wide Web. The browser will automatically load the initial Web page (the address of the Web page from which the journey begins can be changed using your browser settings).

When a Web page is opened in a browser on a user's computer, it travels a long way from a remote Internet server through communication channels through several intermediate Internet servers. The speed of loading a Web page depends not on the distance to the Web server, but on the number of intermediate servers and the quality of the communication lines through which information is transmitted from server to server. There may be a situation where a Web page loads much faster from a server on a different continent than from a server on a nearby street.

To go to another web page in the text box Address: you must enter its Internet address. Many Web pages contain hyperlinks to other Web pages, so further travel on the World Wide Web can be continued by activating one of them.

In the process of reading a book (textbook, reference book, encyclopedia), it is often required to return to the material read. For a faster search for the desired page, so-called "bookmarks" are often inserted into the book. In the process of surfing the World Wide Web, it is advisable to save the Internet addresses of interesting Web pages as "bookmarks" in the browser. To visit such a page, it will be enough to activate one of the "bookmarks".

Control questions

1. What is the function of hyperlinks in the technology of the World Wide Web?

2. What parts does a web page address consist of?

6.5. Short answer assignment. Record the address of the Web page stored on an Internet server registered in the first-level domain ru, the second-level domain schools, and which has its own name www.

Email

Electronic mail (e-mail) is the most common service on the Internet. It is historically the first information service of computer networks and does not require the obligatory availability of high-speed and high-quality communication lines.

Email has several significant advantages over regular mail. The most important of these is the speed at which messages are sent. If a letter by regular mail can go to the addressee for days and weeks, then a letter sent by e-mail reduces the transmission time to several tens of seconds or, in the worst case, to several hours.

Another advantage is that an email can contain not only a text message, but also attachments (programs, graphics, sound, etc.). In addition, e-mail allows you to send a message to several subscribers at once, forward letters to other addresses, etc.

E-mail address. In order for an e-mail to reach the addressee, in addition to the message itself, it must contain the e-mail address of the recipient of the letter.

The first part of the usename mail address has an arbitrary character and is set by the user himself when registering a mailbox. The second part server.ru is the name of the Internet mail server on which the user has registered his mailbox.

E-mail address is written in a specific form and consists of two parts, separated by the @ symbol: [email protected]

The e-mail address is written only in Latin letters and should not contain spaces. For example, if the mail server has the name metodist.ru, then the names of users' mailboxes will look like:

[email protected]

E-mail addresses are stored on the user's computer in the Address Book database. The address book contains the subscriber's name, e-mail address, phone number and other data (Fig. 6.12).

Rice. 6.12. Database "Address Book"

Functioning of e-mail. An Internet user can register a mailbox on the provider's mail server, in which transmitted and received emails will be accumulated.

The mail program is used to create a mail message on the local computer. At this stage, in addition to writing the text of the message, you must specify the address of the recipient of the message (you can take it from the "Address Book"), the subject of the message and attach files to the message, if necessary.

The message transfer process begins by connecting to the Internet and delivering the message to your mailbox on a remote mail server. The mail server will immediately send this message through the Internet mail server system to the recipient's mail server in their mailbox.

To receive a letter, the addressee must connect to the Internet and deliver mail from his mailbox on a remote mail server to his local computer (Fig. 6.13).

Mail programs usually provide the user with numerous additional services for working with mail (choosing addresses from the address book, automatically sending messages to specified addresses, etc.).

Outlook Express mail program. To work with e-mail, special mail programs are required. The mail program Outlook Express, which is included in the Windows operating system, is very popular. After launching Outlook Express, the application window appears, which consists of four parts (Fig. 6.14).

Rice. 6.14. Outlook Express window

In the upper left part of the window there is a list of folders in which emails are stored:
- Inbox- contains received letters;
- Outbox- contains letters sent from the moment of creation to the moment of delivery from the user's local computer to the provider's mail server;
- Sent- contains all letters delivered to the mail server;
- Deleted- contains deleted messages;
- Drafts- contains letter templates.

The user can create their own folders for storing thematically grouped emails.

The list of contacts is located in the lower left part of the window, which provides access to information stored in the "Address Book" database (e-mail addresses, phone numbers, etc.).

The right window is divided into two parts. At the top, a list of messages stored in the selected folder is displayed.

The content of the selected message is displayed at the bottom of the right window.

Web-based e-mail. Some mail servers provide users with the ability to work with e-mail using a Web interface. Work with Web-mail can be done using any browser. An essential feature of Web mail is that all messages are permanently stored on the remote mail server, and not on the user's local computer.

Many Web mail servers offer anyone who wants to register a free mailbox. Registered users must enter their login and password, after which they can enter the mail system. For new users, the registration procedure is offered (Fig. 6.15).

Rice. 6.15. Login to Webmail

Control questions

1. What are the advantages of email over regular mail?

2. What are the parts of an email address?

3. How does email work?

Self-study assignments

6.6. Short answer assignment. Write down the e-mail address registered by the user fio on the zmail.ru mail server.

File archives

File archive servers. Tens of thousands of Internet servers are file archive servers and store hundreds of millions of files of various types (programs, device drivers, graphics and sound files, etc.). The presence of such file archive servers is very convenient for users, since many of the necessary files can be "downloaded" directly from the Internet.

File servers are supported by many software companies and manufacturers of computer hardware and peripherals. The software placed on such servers is freely distributed or shareware, and therefore, by "downloading" this or that file, the user does not violate the copyright law for the software.

File download managers. For the convenience of users, many file archive servers (freeware.ru, www.freesoft.ru, www.download.ru) have a Web interface, which allows working with them using browsers. Browsers are integrated systems for working with various Internet information resources and therefore include file download managers.

However, it is more convenient to use specialized file download managers for working with file archives, which allow you to continue downloading the file after the connection to the server is broken. File download managers provide the user with detailed information in numerical and graphical form about the file download process (file size, volume of the downloaded part, including percentage, download speed, elapsed and remaining download time, etc.).

Some file download managers achieve an increase in download speed by splitting the file into parts and downloading all the parts at the same time. For example, in the FlashGet file download manager, the download process for each part of a file is displayed graphically at the bottom of the application window (Figure 6.16).

File address on the file archive server. Access to files on file archive servers is possible both via the HTTP protocol and the special file transfer protocol FTP (File Transfer Protocol). The FTP protocol allows not only uploading files from remote file archive servers to a local computer, but also vice versa, transferring files from a local computer to a remote server.

File address includes the method of accessing the file and the name of the Internet server that hosts the file.

If the FTP file transfer protocol is used as a way to access the file.exe stored on the ftp.metodist.ru server, the file address will be written as follows:

ftp://ftp.metodist.ru/file.exe

Control questions

1. What files are usually stored on file archive servers?

2. What are the parts of the file address on the file archive server?

Self-study assignments

6.7. Short answer assignment. Make a note of the address of the program.exe file stored on a computer registered in the first-level domain w, the second-level domain schools and which has its own name ftp.

Chatting in Internet

Recently, communication on the Internet in real time has become more and more widespread. Increased data transfer rates and increased computer performance enable users to not only exchange real-time text messages, but also make audio and video communications.

Real-time communication servers. There are thousands of servers on the Internet that provide real-time communication. Any user can connect to such a server and start communicating with one of the visitors to this server or participate in a group meeting.

The simplest way to communicate "talk", or chat(English chat) is an exchange of messages typed from the keyboard. You enter a message using the keyboard, and it is displayed in a window that all meeting participants can see at the same time.

If your computer, as well as the computers of the interlocutors, are equipped with a sound card, microphone and headphones or speakers, then you can exchange audio messages. However, a "live" conversation is possible simultaneously only between two interlocutors.

In order for you to be able to see each other, that is, exchange video images, Web cameras must be connected to the computers.

Interactive communication using the ICQ system. In recent years, interactive communication through ICQ servers has become very popular (this three-letter abbreviation is formed from the consonance of the words "I seek you").

The ICQ interactive communication system integrates various forms of communication: e-mail, text messaging (chat), Internet telephony, file transfer, searching the network for people, etc. (Fig. 6.17).

Rice. 6.17. ICQ interactive communication program

Currently, the ICQ system has nearly 200 million registered users, with each user having a unique identification number. After connecting to the Internet, the user can start communicating with any user registered in the ICQ system and currently connected to the Internet.

Internet telephony. Internet telephony is used for the transmission of voice data over the Internet computer network. Providers of Internet telephony use special equipment to connect the Internet computer network and the regular telephone network. The user can use Internet telephony services and call directly from a computer (see Fig. 6.18) or from a regular phone, having previously dialed the number of the Internet telephony provider.

It is beneficial to use Internet telephony for calls to remote settlements and countries of the world, since a minute of such communication is much cheaper than the tariffs for long-distance and international telephone communication.

Control questions

1. What forms of real-time communication exist on the Internet?

Mobile Internet

Mobile telephone network. At present, the mobile telephone network has covered almost the entire world, and the number of mobile phone users is approaching one billion people. The exchange of information between mobile phones is carried out using a network consisting of antennas of cellular stations, interconnected by information transmission channels.

The mobile network allows you to transfer not only voice messages, but also data. With mobile phones, you can exchange short SMS text messages as well as MMS multimedia messages, which allow you to send ringing tones to your phones and graphics (for example, pictures taken with the camera's built-in phone).

Data exchange between the mobile telephone network and the computer network of the Internet. The mobile telephone network and the Internet computer network allow the transmission of data and voice messages, and therefore it is advisable to combine their information resources. Mobile phone operators and Internet providers provide the ability to transfer data between these networks (Figure 6.18).

Data exchange between networks allows, for example, to transfer e-mail messages from a mobile phone to an Internet mailbox, and from a computer connected to the Internet, send SMS messages to a mobile phone.

Internet access using a mobile phone. Many models of mobile phones have a built-in modem, so for wireless Internet access, you just need to connect your mobile phone to your computer and call your provider. After connecting your computer to the Internet, you can "surf" the World Wide Web, work with e-mail, "download" files and use any other Internet resources, just like a normal cable connection. The disadvantage of such a connection is the low data transfer rate (no more than 9.6 Kbps) and the high cost per minute of the connection.

A full-fledged high-speed Internet access from a mobile phone can be provided using GPRS technology, at which the maximum possible data transfer rate is 170 Kbps (this is approximately 3 times faster than access via dial-up telephone lines). It is important that this technology provides immediate access to the Internet, without the need to dial up to an Internet provider and allows simultaneous conversation on a mobile phone and data exchange between the computer and the Internet.

You can connect a mobile phone to a computer in different ways: using a cable to the COM port, using a cable to a USB port, or wirelessly to an infrared port (Fig. 6.19).

To access information resources of the Internet directly from mobile phones, you can use WAP browsers... WAP sites are specially adapted for the capabilities of a mobile phone (two-color graphics, small screen and small memory) and contain news, weather forecast, exchange rates, etc. From WAP sites, you can send an e-mail message or take part in a WAP chat.

Control questions

1. What is the difference between Internet telephony and mobile Internet?

2. What data can be transferred from the mobile telephone network to the computer network Internet? From the Internet to a mobile network?

Sound and video on the Internet

Sound and video files have a large information volume. To transfer such files over computer networks in standard digital formats, high-bandwidth communication lines are required. High quality digital stereo sound with a sampling rate of 48,000 times per second and a coding depth of 16 bits requires a bit rate equal to:

16 bits × 48,000 s -1 = 1,536,000 bits / s = 1,500 kbps "1.5 Mbps.

Digital video of the television standard requires a data transmission rate of about 240 Mbps for image transmission.

To reduce the volume of audio and video files without visible loss of quality, special methods of file compression are used, based on the removal of audio or video information that is not perceived by humans.

Streaming audio and video. Technologies for the transmission of streaming audio and video have become widespread on the Internet. These technologies transfer audio and video files in chunks to the local computer buffer, allowing them to be streamed even when using a dial-up connection. Reducing the bit rate on a channel can lead to temporary dropouts in audio or skipping video frames.

To listen to streaming audio and watch streaming video, multimedia players (Windows Media Player, WinAmp, etc.) are used. During playback of a streaming media file, the user receives information about the bit rate and can adjust the playback quality.

There are quite a few radio and television stations broadcasting over the Internet. Widely popular are Web cameras installed in various parts of the world (on city streets, in museums, in nature reserves, etc.) and continuously transmitting images (Fig. 6.20).

Control questions

1.Why is it necessary to compress audio and video files when transferring over the Internet?

The World Wide Web is formed by hundreds of millions of web servers. Most of the resources of the world wide web are based on hypertext technology. Hypertext documents posted on the World Wide Web are called web pages. Several web pages united by a common theme, design, and also linked by links and usually located on the same web server are called. To download and view web pages, special programs are used - browsers ( browser).

The World Wide Web has caused a real revolution in information technology and an explosion in the development of the Internet. Often, when talking about the Internet, they mean the World Wide Web, but it is important to understand that they are not the same thing.

The structure and principles of the World Wide Web

The World Wide Web is formed by millions of Internet web servers located around the world. A web server is a computer program that runs on a computer connected to a network and uses the HTTP protocol to transfer data. In its simplest form, such a program receives an HTTP request for a specific resource over the network, finds the corresponding file on the local hard disk and sends it over the network to the requesting computer. More sophisticated web servers are capable of dynamically generating documents using templates and scripts in response to an HTTP request.

To view the information received from the web server, a special program is used on the client computer - a web browser. The main function of a web browser is to display hypertext. The World Wide Web is inextricably linked to the concepts of hypertext and hyperlinks. Most of the information on the Web is precisely hypertext.

To facilitate the creation, storage and display of hypertext on the World Wide Web, the HTML language ( HyperText Markup Language"Hypertext markup language"). The work of creating (marking up) hypertext documents is called typesetting, it is done by a webmaster or a separate markup specialist - a layout designer. After HTML markup, the resulting document is saved to a file, and such HTML files are the main type of resources on the World Wide Web. Once the HTML file is available to the web server, it is referred to as a “web page”. A collection of web pages forms.

The hypertext of web pages contains hyperlinks. Hyperlinks help users of the World Wide Web to easily navigate between resources (files), regardless of whether the resources are located on a local computer or on a remote server. Uniform URL resource locators are used to locate resources on the World Wide Web. Uniform Resource Locator). For example, the full URL of the main page of the Russian section of Wikipedia looks like this: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_page. These URL locators combine URI identification technology (eng. Uniform Resource Identifier"Uniform resource identifier") and the domain name system DNS (eng. Domain Name System). The domain name (in this case, ru.wikipedia.org) in the URL designates a computer (more precisely, one of its network interfaces) that executes the code of the required web server. The URL of the current page can usually be seen in the address bar of the browser, although many modern browsers prefer to show only the domain name of the current site by default.

World Wide Web Technologies

To improve the visual perception of the web, CSS technology has become widely used, which allows you to set uniform styles for multiple web pages. Another innovation worth paying attention to is the URN resource naming system (eng. Uniform Resource Name).

A popular concept for the development of the World Wide Web is the creation of the Semantic Web. The Semantic Web is an add-on to the existing World Wide Web, which is designed to make information posted on the network more understandable for computers. The Semantic Web is the concept of a web in which every resource in human language would be provided with a description that a computer can understand. The Semantic Web provides access to well-structured information for any application, regardless of platform and regardless of programming languages. Programs will be able to find the necessary resources themselves, process information, classify data, identify logical connections, draw conclusions and even make decisions based on these conclusions. If widely distributed and properly implemented, the Semantic Web can revolutionize the Internet. To create a computer-understandable description of a resource, the Semantic Web uses the RDF format (eng. Resource Description Framework), which is based on XML syntax and uses URIs to denote resources. New in this area is RDFS. (eng. RDF Schema) and SPARQL (eng. Protocol And RDF Query Language) (pronounced "spáarkl"), a new query language for quickly accessing RDF data.

History of the World Wide Web

Tim Berners-Lee and, to a lesser extent, Robert Kayo are considered the inventors of the World Wide Web. Tim Berners-Lee is the author of HTTP, URI / URL and HTML technologies. In 1980 he worked at the European Council for Nuclear Research (fr. Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire, CERN) a software consultant. It was there, in Geneva (Switzerland), that he wrote the Enquire program for his own needs. Inquire, loosely translated as "Investigator"), which used random associations to store data and laid the conceptual foundation for the World Wide Web.

In 1989, while working at CERN on the organization's internal network, Tim Berners-Lee proposed a global hypertext project now known as the World Wide Web. The project involved the publication of hypertext documents linked by hyperlinks, which would facilitate the search and consolidation of information for CERN scientists. To carry out the project, Tim Berners-Lee (with his collaborators) invented URIs, the HTTP protocol, and the HTML language. These are technologies without which the modern Internet can no longer be imagined. Between 1991 and 1993, Berners-Lee improved the technical specifications of these standards and published them. But, nevertheless, officially the year of birth of the World Wide Web should be considered 1989.

As part of the project, Berners-Lee wrote the world's first httpd web server and the world's first hypertext web browser called WorldWideWeb. This browser was also a WYSIWYG editor (abbreviated from English. What You See Is What You Get- what you see is what you get), its development was started in October 1990, and completed in December of the same year. The program ran in the NeXTStep environment and began to spread over the Internet in the summer of 1991.

Mike Sendall buys a NeXT cube at this time in order to understand what its architecture is, and then gives it to Tim [Berners-Lee]. Thanks to the perfection of the NeXT cube software system, Tim wrote a prototype illustrating the main points of the project in a few months. It was an impressive result: the prototype offered users, among other things, such advanced features as WYSIWYG browsing / authoring! ... During one of the sessions of joint project discussions in the CERN cafeteria, Tim and I tried to choose a catching name for the system being created ... The only thing I insisted on was that the name should not be once again extracted from the same Greek mythology. Tim suggested the World Wide Web. I liked everything in this name at once, only it is difficult to pronounce in French.

The world's first website was hosted by Berners-Lee on August 6, 1991, on the first web server available at http://info.cern.ch/, (archived here). Resource defined concept World wide web, contained instructions for setting up a web server, using a browser, etc. This site was also the world's first Internet directory, because later Tim Berners-Lee posted and maintained a list of links to other sites there.

The first photograph on the World Wide Web featured a spoof filk group Les Horribles Cernettes. Tim Bernes-Lee asked for their scans from the band leader after the CERN Hardronic Festival.

Yet the theoretical foundations of the web were laid much earlier than Berners-Lee. Back in 1945, Wannáver Busch developed the concept of Memex - mechanical aids for "expanding human memory." Memex is a device in which a person stores all his books and records (and, ideally, all his knowledge that can be formally described) and which gives out the necessary information with sufficient speed and flexibility. It is an extension and addition of a person's memory. Bush also predicted a comprehensive indexing of texts and multimedia resources with the ability to quickly find the information you need. The next significant step towards the World Wide Web was the creation of hypertext (a term coined by Ted Nelson in 1965).

Since 1994, the World Wide Web Consortium (eng. World Wide Web Consortium, W3C), founded and still led by Tim Berners-Lee. This consortium is an organization that develops and implements technological standards for the Internet and the World Wide Web. W3C Mission: "To unleash the full potential of the World Wide Web by creating protocols and principles to ensure the long-term development of the Web." Two other critical tasks of the consortium are to ensure the full “internationalization of the Web” and to make the Web accessible to people with disabilities.

The W3C develops uniform principles and standards for the Internet (called "guidelines", W3C Recommendations), which are then implemented by software and hardware manufacturers. Thus, compatibility is achieved between software products and hardware of different companies, which makes the World Wide Web more perfect, versatile and convenient. All recommendations of the World Wide Web consortium are open, that is, they are not protected by patents and can be implemented by anyone without any financial contributions to the consortium.

Prospects for the development of the World Wide Web

Currently, there are two trends in the development of the World Wide Web: the semantic web and the social web.

The Semantic Web envisions improving the coherence and relevance of information on the World Wide Web through the introduction of new metadata formats.
The Social Web relies on the work of organizing the information available on the Web, carried out by the users of the Web themselves. In the second direction, developments that are part of the Semantic Web are actively used as tools (RSS and other web feed formats, OPML, XHTML microformats). Partially semantic sections of the Wikipedia Category Tree help users to move consciously in the information space, however, very soft requirements for subcategories do not give reason to hope for the expansion of such sections. In this regard, attempts to compile Knowledge atlases may be of interest.

There is also the popular concept of Web 2.0, which summarizes several directions of the development of the World Wide Web.

Ways to actively display information on the World Wide Web

Information on the web can be displayed both passively (that is, the user can only read it), and actively - then the user can add information and edit it. The methods of active display of information on the World Wide Web include:

It should be noted that this division is very arbitrary. So, say, a blog or a guestbook can be viewed as a special case of a forum, which, in turn, is a special case of a content management system. Usually the difference is manifested in the purpose, approach and positioning of a particular product.

In part, information from sites can also be accessed through speech. In India, testing has already begun on a system that makes the text content of pages accessible even to people who cannot read or write.

The World Wide Web is sometimes ironically called the Wild Wild Web (wild, wild Web) - by analogy with the title of the film of the same name Wild Wild West (Wild, wild West).

Security

For cybercriminals, the World Wide Web has become a key way of distributing malicious software. In addition, the concept of network crime includes identity theft, fraud, espionage and illegal collection of information about certain subjects or objects. Web vulnerabilities currently outnumber any traditional manifestation of computer security problems, according to some reports; Google estimates that about one in ten pages on the World Wide Web may contain malicious code. According to Sophos, a British manufacturer of antivirus solutions, most cyberattacks on the web are carried out by legitimate ones located mainly in the United States, China and Russia. The most common type of such attacks, according to the same company, is SQL injection - malicious input of direct database queries into text fields on resource pages, which, if the level of security is insufficient, can lead to disclosure of the database contents. Another common threat that exploits the capabilities of HTML and unique resource identifiers for sites on the World Wide Web is cross-site scripting (XSS), made possible with the introduction of JavaScript technology and gained traction with the development of Web 2.0 and Ajax - new standards encouraged the use of interactive scripting. According to 2008 estimates, up to 70% of all websites in the world were vulnerable to XSS attacks against their users.

The proposed solutions to the corresponding problems vary significantly, to the point of complete contradiction with each other. Large vendors of security solutions like McAfee develop products for assessing information systems for their compliance with certain requirements, other market players (for example, Finjan) recommend active research of software code and all content in general in real time, regardless of the data source. There are also beliefs that businesses should perceive security as an opportunity to grow their business and not as a source of expense; to do this, the hundreds of data protection companies today must be replaced by a small group of organizations that would enforce an infrastructure policy of permanent and ubiquitous digital rights management.

Confidentiality

Each time the user's computer requests a web page from the server, the server identifies and typically logs the IP address from which the request came. Likewise, most Internet browsers record information about the pages visited, which can then be viewed in the browser history, and also cache the downloaded content for possible reuse. If the communication with the server does not use an encrypted HTTPS connection, requests and responses to them are transmitted over the Internet in clear text and can be read, written and viewed at intermediate network nodes.

When a web page requests, and the user provides a certain amount of personal information, such as first and last name or real or email address, the data stream can be de-anonymized and associated with a specific person. If a website uses cookies, supports user authentication, or other technologies to track visitor activity, then a relationship may also be established between previous and subsequent visits. Thus, an organization operating on the World Wide Web has the ability to create and update the profile of a specific client using its site (or sites). Such a profile may include, for example, information about leisure and entertainment preferences, consumer interests, occupation, and other demographics. Such profiles are of significant interest to marketers, advertising agency employees and other professionals of this kind. Depending on the terms of service for specific services and local laws, such profiles may be sold or transferred to third parties without the user's knowledge.

Social networks also contribute to the disclosure of information, inviting participants to independently state a certain amount of personal data about themselves. Careless handling of the capabilities of such resources can lead to the release of information in the public domain that the user would prefer to hide; among other things, such information may become the subject of attention of hooligans or, moreover, cybercriminals. Modern social networks provide their members with a fairly wide range of profile privacy settings, but these settings can be unnecessarily complex - especially for inexperienced users.

Spreading

Between 2005 and 2010, the number of web users doubled to reach the billion mark. According to early research in 1998 and 1999, most existing websites were not indexed correctly by search engines, and the web itself was larger than expected. As of 2001, more than 550 million web documents have already been created, most of which, however, were within the invisible network. As of 2002, more than 2 billion web pages were created, 56.4% of all Internet content was in English. followed by German (7.7%), French (5.6%) and Japanese (4.9%). According to research conducted at the end of January 2005, over 11.5 billion web pages were identified in 75 different languages and were indexed on the open web. And as of March 2009, the number of pages has increased to 25.21 billion. On July 25, 2008, Google Software Engineers Jesse Alpert and Nissan Hayay announced that Google Search had tracked over a billion unique URL links.

In 2011, it was planned to erect a monument to the World Wide Web in St. Petersburg. The composition was supposed to be a street bench in the form of the abbreviation WWW with free access to the Internet.

Literature

Fielding, R .; Gettys, J .; Mogul, J.; Fristik, G .; Mazinter, L .; Leach, P .; Berners-Lee, T. (June 1999). "Hypertext Transfer Protocol - http: //1.1" (Information Sciences Institute).
Berners-Lee, Tim; Bray, Tim; Connolly, Dan; Cotton, Paul; Fielding, Roy; Jackle, Mario; Lilly, Chris; Mendelssohn, Noah; Orcard, David; Walsh, Norman; Williams, Stewart (December 15, 2004). "Architecture of the World Wide Web, Volume One" (W3C).
Polo, Luciano. World Wide Web Technology Architecture: A Conceptual Analysis. New Devices (2003).

An increasing place in our life is occupied by the Internet. No human-made technology has gained such widespread popularity. Internet - the World Wide Web, which covers the entire globe, enveloping it in a network of TV towers. It began to gain its popularity back in the relatively distant 1990s. In the article, we will discuss where it came from and why it became so popular.

The Internet is like the World Wide Web

The second name of such a plan was given for a reason. The fact is that the Internet unites many users around the world. Like a spider's web, it envelops the entire globe with its threads. And this is not an ordinary metaphor, it really is. The Internet is made up of wires and wireless networks, the second of which we cannot see.

But this is a lyrical digression, in fact, the Internet is associated with the World Wide Web (www, or Word Wide Web). It covers all computers connected to the network. On remote servers, users store the necessary information, and can also communicate on the Web. Often, this name is understood as a Worldwide or Global Network.

It is based on several critical protocols like TCP / IP. Thanks to the Internet, the World Wide Web, or otherwise the Word Wide Web (WWW) carries out its activities, that is, it transmits and receives data.

Number of users

At the end of 2015, a study was conducted, on the basis of which the following data were obtained. The number of Internet users worldwide is 3.3 billion. And this is almost 50% of the total population of our planet.

These strong performances have been achieved thanks to the proliferation of 3G cellular networks and high-speed 4G. Providers have played an important role, thanks to the massive introduction of Internet technologies, the costs of maintaining servers and manufacturing fiber-optic cables have decreased. Most European countries have faster internet speeds than African countries. This explains the technical lag of the latter and the low demand for the service.

Why is the Internet called the World Wide Web?

Paradoxically, many users are sure that the above term and the Internet are one and the same. This deep misconception that hovers in the minds of many users is caused by the similarity of concepts. Now we will figure out what's what.

The World Wide Web is often confused with the similar phrase "World Wide Web". It represents a certain amount of information based on Internet technology.

History of the World Wide Web

By the end of the 90s, the dominance of NSFNet over ARPANET technology was finally established in the world. Oddly enough, but one research center was engaged in their development. ARPNET was developed by order of the US Department of War. Yes, the first people to use the Internet were the military. And NSFNet technology was developed independently of government services, with almost pure enthusiasm.

It was the competition between the two developments that became the basis for their further development and massive introduction into the world. The World Wide Web of the Internet became available to the general public in 1991. It had to work somehow, and Berners Lee took over the development of the system for the Internet. In two years of successful work, he created hypertext, or HTTP, the famous electronic language HTML and URL. We do not need to go into details, because now we see them as ordinary links for site addresses.

Information space

First of all, it is an information space, which is accessed through the Internet. It allows the user to have access to the data that is on the servers. If you use a visual-figurative way, then the Internet is a volumetric cylinder, and the World Wide Web is what fills it.

Through a program called a "browser", the user gains access to the Internet to surf the Web. It consists of innumerable server-based sites. They are connected to computers and are responsible for the safety, loading, viewing of data.

Spiderwebs and modern man

Currently, Homo sapiens in developed countries are almost completely integrated with the World Wide Web. We are not talking about our grandfathers and grandmothers or about remote villages, where they don’t even know about some kind of Internet.

Previously, a person in search of information went straight to the library. And it often happened that the book he needed was not found, then he had to go to other institutions with archives. Now the need for such manipulations has disappeared.

In biology, all species names consist of three words, for example, our full name is Homo sapiens neanderthalensis. Now we can safely add the fourth word internetiys.

The Internet is taking over the minds of humanity

Agree, we get almost all information from the Internet. We have tons of information in our hands. Tell our ancestor about this, he would eagerly bury himself on the monitor screen and sit there all his free time in search of information.

It is the Internet that has brought humanity to a fundamentally new level, it contributes to the creation of a new culture - mixed or multi. Representatives of different nations mimic and adapt, as if merging their customs into one cauldron. This is where the final product comes from.

It is especially useful for scientists, there is no longer a need to gather at councils in a country that is 1000 km away from yours. You can exchange experiences without a personal meeting, for example, through instant messengers or social networks. And if an important issue needs to be discussed, then you can do it via Skype.

Output

The World Wide Web is a constituent part of the Internet. Its work is provided thanks to storage servers, which provide information to the user upon his request. The Web itself was developed thanks to scientists from the United States and their enthusiasm.

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What is the Internet and its difference from the global web WWW

The most remarkable fact that can now be stated is that Internet has no owner... In fact, this is the union of separate LANs (thanks to the once adopted common standards, namely the TCP / IP protocol), which is maintained in working order by network providers.

It is believed that due to the ever-increasing media traffic (video and other heavy content moving in tons on the network), the Internet will soon collapse due to its currently limited bandwidth. The main problem in this regard is the upgrade of the network equipment that makes up the global web to a faster one, which is primarily constrained by the additional costs required. But I think that the problem will be solved as the collapse matures, and there are already separate network segments operating at high speeds.

In general, in light of the fact that the Internet is essentially nothing, it should be mentioned that many states, trying to introduce censorship in the global network, want to identify it (namely, its most popular component at the moment, WWW) with.

But there is really no ground under this desire, because the internet is just a means of communication or, in other words, a storage medium comparable to a telephone or even plain paper. Try to sanction paper or its distribution around the world. Certain sanctions by individual states, in fact, can only apply to sites (islands of information on the network) that become available to users through the World Wide Web.

The first prerequisites for the creation of the global web and the Internet were undertaken ... What year do you think? Surprisingly, it was already in dense 1957. Naturally, the military (and, of course, the United States, well, how could it be without them) needed such a grid to communicate in the event of the deployment of hostilities with the use of vigorous weapons. The network was created for quite a long time (about 12 years), but this is understandable by the fact that computers were in their infancy at that time.

But nevertheless, their capacity was quite enough to get the opportunity between the military departments and leading US universities by 1971. Thus, the Email transfer protocol became the first way to use the internet for the needs of users. After a couple more, what the Internet is already learned overseas. By the beginning of the 80s, the main protocols for transferring data (postal,) were standardized, and also the protocol of the so-called Usenet news conferences appeared, which was similar to postal, but allowed organizing something similar to forums.

And a few years later, the idea of creating a domain name system (DNS - will play an important role in the formation of WWW) appeared and the world's first protocol for communication via the Internet in real time - IRC (in Russian colloquial - irka) - appeared. He allowed chatting on the network. Science fiction that was available and interesting to a very, very small number of inhabitants of the planet Earth. But this is only for now.

At the turn of the 80s and 90s, such significant events take place in the history of infrastructure development that they, in fact, predetermined its further destiny. In general, such a spread of the global network in the minds of modern inhabitants of the planet is due to almost one single person - Tim Berners-Lee:

Berners-Lee is an Englishman, the son of two mathematicians who dedicated their lives to creating one of the first computers in the world. It was thanks to him that the world learned what the Internet, a website, e-mail, etc. are. Initially, the world wide web WWW (World Wide Web) he created for the needs of nuclear research Cern (the same collider is located with them). The challenge was to conveniently place all the scientific information available to the concern on their own network.

To solve this problem, he came up with everything that is now the fundamental elements of the WWW (what we consider the Internet, without understanding its essence a little). As a basis, he took the principle of organizing information, called. What it is? This principle was invented long before that and consisted in such an organization of the text, when the linearity of the narrative was replaced by the ability to follow different links (links).

The Internet is hypertext, hyperlinks, urls and hardware

Thanks to this, the hypertext can be read in a different sequence, thereby obtaining various variants of the linear text (well, for you, as experienced Internet users, it should now be clear and obvious, but then it was a revolution). In the role of hypertext nodes, we should have, which we now call simply links.

As a result, all information that exists now in computers can be represented as one large hypertext, including countless nodes (hyperlinks). Everything that was developed by Tim Berners-Lee was transferred from the local grid of CERN to what we call the Internet today, after which the Web (web) began to gain in popularity at a frantic pace (the first fifty million users of the World Wide Web were registered in just over first five years of existence).

But to implement the principle of hypertext and hyperlinks, it was necessary to create and develop several things from scratch. First, a new data transfer protocol was needed, which is now known to all of you. HTTP protocol(at the beginning of all website addresses you will find a mention of him or his secure version of HTTPs).

Secondly, it was developed from scratch, the abbreviation of which is now known to all webmasters in the world. So, we got the tools for transferring data and creating sites (a set of web pages or web documents). But how can one refer to these same documents?

The first made it possible to identify the document on a separate server (site), and the second made it possible to mix in the URI a domain name (received and unambiguously indicating that the document belongs to a website hosted on a specific server) or an IP address (a unique digital identifier of absolutely all devices in the global or local network ). Read more about the link provided.

There is only one step left to make the world wide web WWW, finally, work and become in demand by users. Do you know which one?

Well, of course, we needed a program that would be able to display the contents of any web page requested on the Internet (using a URL) on the user's computer. It has become such a program. If we talk about today's time, then there are not so many main players in this market, and I managed to write about all of them from a small review:

(IE, MSIE) - the old guard is still in the ranks
(Mazila Firefox) - another veteran is not going to give up positions without a fight
(Google Chrome) - an ambitious newcomer who managed to seize the leadership in the shortest possible time
- a browser loved by many in Runet, but gradually losing popularity
- a slave from the apple mill

Timothy John Berners-Lee independently wrote the program of the world's first Internet browser and called it, without further ado, World Wide Web. Although this was not the limit of perfection, it was with this browser that the victorious march of the World Wide Web began across the planet.

In general, of course, it is striking that all the necessary tools for the modern Internet (meaning its most popular component) were created by just one person in such a short time. Bravo.

A little later, the first graphical browser Mosaic appeared, from which many of the modern observers (Mazila and Explorer) trace their origins. It was the Mosaic that became that drop that was not enough to there is an interest in the internet(namely, to the World Wide Web) from ordinary inhabitants of the planet Earth. A graphical browser is a completely different matter than a text browser. Everyone loves to look at pictures and few people love to read.

What is noteworthy is that Berners-Lee did not receive any terribly large sums of money, which, for example, he received as a result, or, although he did for the global network, probably still more.

Yes, over time, in addition to the Berners-Lee language, Html has been added. Thanks to this, some of the operators in Html became unnecessary, and they were replaced by much more flexible tools for cascading style sheets, which made it possible to significantly increase the attractiveness and design flexibility of the sites being created now. Although learning the rules of CSS is, of course, more complex than the markup language. However, beauty requires sacrifice.

How do the Internet and the global network work from the inside?

But let's see what is the web (www) and how information is posted on the Internet. Here we will come face to face with the very phenomenon called website (web - grid, and site - place). So, what is a "place on the network" (analogue of a place in the sun in real life) and how to get it, in fact.

What is internet? So, it consists of channeling devices (routers, switches) invisible and of little value to users. The WWW network (what we call the Web or the World Wide Web) consists of millions of web servers, which are programs running on slightly modified computers, which in turn must be connected (in a 24 by 7 mode) to the global web and use the HTTP protocol for data exchange.

The web server (program) receives a request (most often from the browser of the user who opens the link or entered Url in the address bar) to open a document hosted on this very server. In the simplest case, a document is a physical file (with the html extension, for example) that lies on the server's hard disk.

In a more complex case (when used), the requested document will be generated programmatically on the fly.

To view the requested page of the site, special software is used on the client (user) side called a browser, which can draw the uploaded fragment of hypertext in a digestible form on the information display device where this browser is installed (PC, phone, tablet, etc.) ). In general, everything is simple, if you do not go into details.

Previously, each individual website was physically hosted on a separate computer. This was mainly due to the weak computing power of the PCs available at that time. But in any case, a computer with a web server program and a website hosted on it must be connected to the Internet around the clock. It is quite difficult and expensive to do this at home, therefore, to store websites, they usually use the services of hosting companies specialized in this.

Hosting service due to the popularity of the WWW, it is now quite in demand. Thanks to the growing capacity of modern PCs over time, hosters have the opportunity to host many websites on one physical computer (virtual hosting), and hosting one site on one physical PC has come to be called a service.

When using virtual hosting, all websites hosted on a computer (the one called a server) can be assigned one IP address, or there can be a separate one for each. This does not change the essence and can only indirectly affect the Website hosted there (poor neighborhood on one IP can have a bad effect on - search engines sometimes row everyone with the same brush).

Now let's talk a little about website domain names and their meaning on the World Wide Web. Each resource on the Internet has its own domain name. Moreover, a situation may arise when the same site may have several domain names (as a result, mirrors or aliases are obtained), as well as, for example, the same domain name can be used for many resources.

Also for some serious resources there is such a thing as mirrors. In this case, the site files can be located on different physical computers, and the resources themselves can have different domain names. But these are all nuances that only confuse novice users.