In modern information technology Automated workstations (AWS) are widely used. The creation of automated workplaces assumes that the main operations for accumulating, storing and processing information are assigned to computer technology, while a specialist performs a certain part of manual operations and operations that require a creative approach in preparing management decisions. At the same time, computer technology works in close interaction with the user, who controls its actions, changes the values ​​of individual parameters in the course of solving a problem, and also enters initial data for solving problems and control functions. In practice, for each group of management employees, such functions are regulated by job descriptions, regulations, legislative acts, etc. The creation of an automated workplace ensures:

access to modern electronic technology small enterprises, which was impossible in conditions of centralized information processing;

· simplicity, convenience and user friendliness;

· compact placement, high reliability, relatively simple maintenance and low requirements for operating conditions;

· information and reference services for the user;

· developed dialogue with the user and providing him with services;

· maximum use of system resources;

· ability to maintain local and distributed databases data;

· availability of documentation for operation and maintenance;

· compatibility with other systems

Automated workstations can be classified according to several criteria.

According to the technical base on which the automated workplace is built, the following types of automated workstations are distinguished:

♦ Workstation built on the basis of large mainframe computers. They provide organizational and economic management specialists with the opportunity to work with large databases with technical and software support provided by professionals in the field. computer technology- employees of their own information and computing facilities.

The disadvantages of such automated workplaces are:

The need to have in the organization a special unit for hardware and software of computing tools;

Lack of flexibility software;

Strict technical requirements for the operating system;

High cost of machine resources;

Weak orientation of the computing system towards the non-programmer user, etc.

Workstation built on the basis of small computers. They somewhat reduce the cost of organizing and operating automated workstations, but retain most of the disadvantages inherent in automated workplaces built on mainframe computers.

Workstation created on the basis of personal computers. This is the simplest and most common version of an automated workstation in modern information technologies. In this case AWS is considered as a system in which the user directly performs all functional responsibilities for converting information.

Workplaces built on the basis of personal computers have the following advantages:

Relatively low cost;

Low power consumption;

Relative ease of maintenance;

Using simple languages ​​to communicate with a PC;

Possibility of connecting to a LAN (local area network) and to a large-scale computer network;

Possibility of using information resources from the database;

Improving the efficiency and quality of information;

Freeing staff from routine work;

Reduction in the number of employees, etc.

By specialization, the following types of automated workstations can be distinguished:

Manager's workstation designed to perform operational management functions and decision-making functions. Automated workplace the manager allows:

Make decisions with maximum adaptation to specific situations;

Receive reports of the required form on all information contained in the automated corporate base;

Provide the manager or his immediate assistants with the efficiency and speed of finding the necessary information;

ensure prompt communication with other sources of information within the organizational structure and with the external environment, etc.

Specialist's workstation provides the user with the opportunity to carry out analytical work, making maximum use of all the necessary information. The specialist’s automated workstation implements the following functions:

Working with personal databases and organizational databases;

Providing communication dialogue with additional sources of information;

Modeling of analyzed processes taking into account accumulated experience;

Multifunctionality and flexibility of the system.

Technical worker's workstation allows you to automate the daily routine work performed by the user:

Entering information;

Maintaining card files and archives;

Processing of incoming and outgoing documentation;

Control of the manager’s daily personal plan, etc. The functioning of any type of automated workplace requires various types

provision

1. Technical support of workstation- this is a reasonable choice of a set of technical means to equip a specialist’s workplace.

The basis technical support AWP constitute personal computers various capacities and types with a wide range of peripheral devices.

If a PC is used as a workstation on a small LAN, on which all the information necessary for a specialist’s work is centrally stored, the volume of information processed is small. The speed of operation is determined not by the speed of the PC, but by the speed of dialogue between the user and the computer. In this case, it is quite acceptable to use a PC with relatively low speed and the required amount of RAM.

If a PC is used for regularly preparing voluminous documents or solving complex functional problems that require a lot of information support, it is necessary to install powerful PCs with high speed and large memory capacity.

2. Information support for automated workplaces- These are information databases used at the user’s workplace.

The AWS information base must meet the following requirements:

Provide complete, reliable and timely information to solve the user’s professional problems with minimal costs for its receipt, accumulation, search, processing and transmission;

Facilitate the dialogue between the user and the PC, providing the necessary tools and methods for this;

Maintain the adequacy of the content of external (documentary) and internal (on magnetic media of direct access) forms of information storage in the context of those objects with which the performer works;

Ensure ease of access to any information, protection against unauthorized access to certain data and high performance in working with data;

The information base should be minimally redundant and at the same time convenient for archiving data.

AWS users can be divided into two groups depending on the period of data acquisition:

Users, who need data in the process of processing and generating it (dynamic consumption)

Users, who need complete information about the state of the object (static consumption)

In this regard, users of the workstation of the first group are provided with an interactive mode of working with information bases, for users of the second group it is optional.

3. AWP software is a set of mathematical methods, models and information processing algorithms used in solving functional problems. Mathematical support includes tools for modeling management processes, methods and tools for solving typical management problems, methods for optimizing the management and production processes under study and making decisions (methods of multicriteria optimization, mathematical programming, mathematical statistics, queuing theory, etc.). Technical documentation on mathematical software contains descriptions of problems, algorithmization tasks, economic and mathematical models of problems, textual and test examples of their solution.

Mathematical software serves as the basis for the development of a set of software tools, and therefore its quality must be high and it must certainly be consistent with the potential user of the workstation.

4. Software AWS determines his intellectual capabilities, professional orientation, breadth and completeness of functions, and the possibility of using various technical devices (units). The automated workplace software must perform the following functions

AWS software is divided into two types:

Essential elements general software usually supplied with the personal computer. These include:

Operating systems and operating shells;

Database maintenance software;

Software tools for organizing dialogue;

Programs that expand opportunities operating systems. The main purpose of this piece of software is

control of the processor, organization of the interface between the user and the PC, organization of access to memory, peripheral devices and networks, file management, launch application programs and management of the process of their implementation, translation and execution of programs prepared in algorithmic languages.

Special software workstation usually consists of unique programs and functional packages of application programs and determines the type, content and specific specialization of the automated workplace. Special software is created on the basis of software tools of dialogue systems, focused on solving a specific class of problems with similar functional and technological features of information processing. The main applications of application software packages included in special AWS software are word processing, tabular data processing, database management, computer and business graphics, organization of human-machine dialogue, communication support and networking.

Effective workstations are multifunctional integrated packages that implement several information processing functions, for example, tabular, graphical, database management, text processing within one software environment.

The classification of automated workplace software is presented in Fig. 4.5.

5. Linguistic support for automated workplaces includes languages ​​for communicating with the user, query languages, information retrieval languages, intermediary languages ​​in networks. The language tools of the automated workplace are necessary for an unambiguous semantic correspondence between the user’s actions and the PC hardware.

The basis of the linguistic support languages ​​of automated workplaces is made up of pre-defined terms, as well as descriptions of the ways in which new terms can be established, existing ones can be replaced or supplemented. The capabilities of the language are also largely determined by the lists of rules on the basis of which the user can build formal structures that correspond to the implementation of the information need. For example, in some workstations data and structures are presented in the form of tables, in others - in the form of operators of a special type.

6. Technological support for automated workplaces represents a certain clearly established set of design decisions that determine the sequence of operations, procedures, and stages in the corresponding field of the user’s activity.

The technological support of the automated workplace must provide for the following operations:

Entering information from documents using the keyboard (with visual control on the display screen);

Entering data into a PC from magnetic media from other workstations;

Reception of data in the form of messages via communication channels from other workstations in the context of the functioning of local computer networks;

Data editing and manipulation;

Accumulation and storage of data;

Search, update and protect data;

Displaying, printing, or magnetically displaying the resultant information, as well as various help and instructional messages to the user;

Formation and transmission of data to other workstations in the form of files on magnetic media or via communication channels in computer networks;

Receive prompt information on requests.

7. Organizational support includes a set of documents regulating the activities of specialists when using a PC or terminal at their workplace. This creates a need:

Determine the functions and tasks of each specialist;

Regulate the interaction of employees;

Provide personnel with instructional materials for all technological operations of automated information processing.

8. Methodological support AWS consists of guidelines, recommendations and provisions for implementation, operation and evaluation of the effectiveness of their functioning. It also includes machine-organized background information about the workstation in general and its individual functions, training tools for working on the workstation, demonstration and advertising examples.

9. Ergonomic support for workstations is a set of measures, the implementation of which should create the most comfortable conditions for the use of automated workplaces by specialists, the fastest development of technology and high-quality work on the automated workplace. Comfortable conditions require the selection of special furniture to accommodate the technical base of the automated workplace, the organization of file cabinets for storing documentation and magnetic media.

10. Legal support for automated workplaces includes a system of regulatory documents that should clearly define the rights and responsibilities of specialists in the operating conditions of the automated workplace, as well as a set of documents regulating the procedure for storing and protecting information, rules for data audit, ensuring the legal authenticity of transactions performed on the automated workplace, etc.

Electronic office

Electronic officeis a software and hardware complex designed for processing documents and automating the work of users in control systems.

Electronic office is organized at enterprises, organizations or institutions in management structures. The main functions of the electronic office are:

Automation of routine work with documents;

Organization of electronic document management.

To implement the above functions in the electronic office, a number of standard standard document processing procedures are performed, presented in Fig. 4.6.

The electronic office includes hardware and software for implementing standard office information processing procedures:

Electronic office software- these are application software packages that allow you to automate basic information processing procedures in the management process.

Electronic office software is divided into three groups, shown in Fig. 4.7.

1 . Programs designed for creating and editing documents. The basis for the functioning of any office is a document. Documents containing different types of data (text information, tabular data, graphic images, etc.) circulate in the electronic office. Office programs for creating and editing documents of various types, as a rule, they are integrated into a single package that allows you to work with one document, including different kinds data. There are also independent software products that are focused on performing only one type of work: developing spreadsheets, text editing, electronic document layout, etc.

To generate and process each type of data, it is necessary to use special application software packages focused on working with documentation information.

Characteristics of the main programs designed for generating and editing documents in the electronic office are presented in Table. 4.1.

Introduction 3

1. Automated workstations.

Concept, classification, composition. 4

2. Principles used in creating AWS 6

4. 3. Ensuring the functioning characteristics of automated workplace 8 Information media

provision of automated workplace 12

Conclusion 16

References 17

Introduction

The basis of information systems is information - a set of quantitative data necessary to perform the functions of planning, control, analysis and which are the basis for making management decisions.

The computing tools that enterprises and organizations now have make it possible to completely automate the processing of all economic data, including the analysis of economic activity.

In light of the above, the topic “Automated workplaces and their equipping with information tools” is relevant.

The purpose of this test is to study an automated workstation and its equipment with information tools.

The work contains: introduction, four parts, conclusion and list of references.

1. Automated workstations. Concept, classification, composition.

In modern automated systems, automated workstations (AWS) are widely used - a set of methodological, language, hardware and software tools that provide automation of the user’s functions in a certain subject area and allow him to quickly reflect his information and computing requests.

The creation of an automated workplace provides: access to modern electronic equipment for small enterprises, which was impossible under conditions of centralized information processing; compact placement, high reliability, simple maintenance and low requirements for operating conditions; possibility of phased implementation; user information and reference services; the ability to maintain local and distributed databases; compatibility with other systems. 1

AWS can be classified according to various criteria. The following types of automated workplaces are distinguished:

by functions performed: problem and technological;

by method of organization: standard (universal), specialized and problem-oriented complexes;

by operating mode: individual, group and network.

Network workstations are the most promising, as they allow you to communicate with remote data banks and exchange information between different departments. 2

When qualitatively assessing the automated workplace, the following are taken into account: ease of use, compatibility of the automated workplace project with other systems, the degree of modularity and hierarchy of the project, compatibility of the interface with other systems, the nature of data control and calculations, the reliability of data flows, etc.

Quantitative assessment takes into account the reliability and versatility of the system, its structural and functional complexity, throughput and etc.

An automated workplace is a complex of technical and software tools for automating professional activities. The typical composition of an automated workstation includes:

Personal Computer;

• network communication facilities

and other devices, and from software:

word processor;

spreadsheets;

graphics processors;

office applications. 3

2. Principles used when creating workstations

The creation and use of workstations is based on a number of general principles for the design of data processing systems.

The main thing is considered the principle of maximum focus on the end user. This principle is implemented by creating special means for adapting the workstation to the user’s level of training and the possibility of his training and self-learning, therefore the workstation is often equipped with special demonstration videos. 4

The working conditions of the workstation user must, first of all, correspond to the usual, natural conditions of the employee, and use special terminology. Electronic documents in the automated workplace must be a copy of paper documentation. It is necessary that the entry of new data and correction of information be accompanied by automation of operations, built-in control and a hint system, which allows even an unskilled worker in the computer field to quickly learn how to work in the workstation.

In the process of development and use, automated workplaces are used principle of problem orientation. Each workstation specializes in solving a certain class of problems, united by a common data processing technology, unity of operating modes, and unity of data processing algorithms. For example, the automated workplace of the USRPO ensures the replenishment and maintenance of the state register of enterprises and organizations; The automated workplace of the IO ROVD is designed to automate work with information and reference systems of the district police department and allows you to enter new data, obtain reference information and statistical processing at the ROVD level; 1C: Accounting, Info-accountant, Accounting Parus belong to the accountant's workstation and automate the work of maintaining the financial activities of the enterprise.

Of no small importance is the principle of matching the information needs of users to the technical means used. The characteristics of the technical means used must correspond to the volume of information and the algorithms for processing it. This means that only after a thorough analysis of the user’s information needs can one begin to determine the composition and functions of the workstation.

In the process of creating an automated workplace, the principle must be implemented creative contact between AWS developers and their potential users. The joint participation of the user and the developer in the creation of an automated workplace helps to better understand the problem situation and stimulates the intellectual activity of the future user AWS and, ultimately, contributes to improving the quality of automated workplaces.

An indispensable condition for using AWP is complete documentation, which should contain explanations of the tasks performed using the automated workplace, instructions for installing and operating the automated workplace, instructions for filling out and maintaining input and output documents. Usually the software development company supports its operation. In accordance with the agreement for the sale of a licensed version of the program, the company conducts training for employee users of automated workplaces, supplements regulatory and reference information, bringing it into compliance with the latest regulations and new methods, modifies old ones and adds new forms and modes of operation. 5

Modern workstations are easy adapt to different classes of professional tasks, have flexibility And moare differentiated when using new information processing techniques, customized for specific applications according to user requirements.

3. Ensuring the operating characteristics of the automated workplace

Justification of the specific characteristics of all automated workplace tools occurs at the parameterization stage. Parameterization consists in identifying and studying the parameters of technical, software, information tools that meet the requirements and restrictions at different stages of structuring the automated workplace. For uninterrupted operation of the automated workplace, special methodological, informational, mathematical, software, linguistic, technological, organizational, ergonomic and legal support is used.

Information Support includes the organization of an information base. Developers determine the connections between information flows, create a package of input documentation in electronic form, determine the use of normative and reference documentation and levels of access to information for users of various categories, depending on the nature of the tasks they solve.

Users are divided by job position, by specialty, by level of preparedness and frequency of working with computer technology, and by level of access to data.

According to their official position, users are divided into:

senior managers (director, general manager);

middle managers (heads of departments);

performers of work (managers, accountants);

service personnel (operators, technicians).

Based on the degree of readiness to work with automated workplaces, the following categories of workers are distinguished: 6

systems, programmers, designers;

programmers who create application programs;

high-class users who are trained to work with automated workplaces;

Operators are users who have skills in working with several operations: loading, entering, etc.

AWP software is a set of algorithms that provide input, control, storage and processing of information, its formation in the form of graphs, tables and diagrams, as well as ensuring the reliability and protection of information.

Mathematical support serves as the basis for the development of a set of software tools and must be consistent with the potential requirements of the workstation user.

AWP software determines the intellectual and professional capabilities of the user, the breadth and completeness of the functions performed, and the possibility of using additional devices. Application software is usually configured to work according to a given algorithm with information from a specific subject area. Therefore, data entry and processing are accompanied by strict control, which significantly reduces the likelihood of errors and leads to increased user efficiency. In an automated workplace organization, the software must use a convenient user interface and include algorithms for solving problems required by the user. The results are presented in a convenient visual form (tables, graphs, diagrams). The software allows the user to quickly work with the database and the ability to share resources in network technologies.

Linguistic support for automated workplaces includes languages ​​for communication between automated workplace technology and users (Russian, English), query languages ​​(SQL), information and legal languages ​​and intermediary languages ​​in networks. The language means of the automated workplace are necessary for an unambiguous semantic relationship between the actions of the user and the PC. The higher the intelligence of the automated workplace, the more opportunities must be provided in the language tools of the automated workplace. Workstation languages ​​should be user-oriented and professional specifics of the workstation.

AWS is a set of hardware, software, methodological and language tools that provide automation of the user's functions in a certain subject area and allow him to quickly satisfy his information and computing needs.

AWS- an automated control system workstation, equipped with means that ensure human participation in the implementation of automated functions of the automated control system.

The automated workplace is intended for:

1. Operational processing real-time data;

2. Automated receipt of document forms;

3. Creation of a multi-level network.

The automated workplace is characterized by the following signs :

· a set of technical, software, information and other tools accessible to the user;

· placement of VT directly (or near) at the user’s workplace;

· the ability to create and improve projects for automated data processing in a specific field of activity;

· processing of data by the user himself;

· interactive mode of interaction between the user and the computer both in the process of solving control problems and in the process of their design.

The automated workplace provides:

1. Information and reference services;

2. Interaction of accounting, planning and operational information and all departments of the enterprise;

3. Reduction of a significant number of information procedures;

4. Eliminating the time gap between the production and economic process, obtaining information, processing it and obtaining results;

5. A comfortable environment for users with the ability to work on the screen with familiar document forms.

Thus, an automated workplace in a control system is a problem-oriented complex of technical, software, linguistic (language) and other tools, installed directly at the user’s workplace and intended to automate the operations of user interaction with a computer in the process of designing and implementing tasks.

Types of AWS support:

1. Technical support is a PC with the necessary peripheral devices and means of communication. The type of PC and the set of peripheral devices is determined by the functional purpose of the workstation.

2. Information support- includes information about sources and consumers of information, update frequency, volume, range of change, accuracy, format and other characteristics of input and output data. The main sources of information for automated workplaces are databases (DB) and data banks (DB).

3. Software is a set of algorithms that provide input, control, storage, correction of information, calculations of indicators, obtaining results, etc. It is built on a modular principle, which makes it possible to distinguish typical and standard, repetitive procedures. Serves as the basis for program development and must be agreed upon with the potential user of the workstation.

4. Software a set of programs for automating problem solving in accordance with the functional purpose of the automated workplace.

For example, a manager’s workstation includes:

· business package (calendar, address, telephone and notebooks, personal work plans, calculator, alarm clock, etc.);

· decision support package;

· package for monitoring the execution of orders;

· communications support package.

5. Linguistic support- a special language of dialogue between the user and the workstation, which ensures an unambiguous correspondence between the user’s actions and the reaction of the workstation. The AWP language is non-procedural and problem-oriented. In a procedure-oriented language, the processing process is represented by a sequence of procedures for manipulating data that do not depend on a specific PC. A procedural language specifies how to perform an action, while a non-procedural language specifies what needs to be done without specifying how to do it. The procedure for performing actions is organized internal funds language without user intervention. The problem orientation of the language is determined by the subject area and the purpose of the automated workplace. For example, the language of an accountant’s workstation, naturally, should be different from the language of a manager’s workstation.

6. Legal support - a set of legal norms regulating relations between automated workplace users within the company, as well as with external sources and consumers of information.

7. Methodological support determines user behavior in the automated workplace environment. It includes instructions for working in an automated workplace environment and user training tools on paper or machine media.

8. Ergonomic security provides for the creation of favorable conditions for the use of automated workplaces with high labor productivity and low user fatigue. Ergonomic requirements for workstations are very diverse; both technical and software aspects are closely intertwined in them.

The automated workplace creates an information environment and automatically performs a number of operations, while generating diagnostic messages about the progress of the process, allowing the user (specialist) to stop the process, assess the situation and make a decision.

The workstation implements an interactive mode of operation and a “friendly” interface (dialogue between the user and the PC).

Main interface types:

· Select from a menu;

· Work according to a prompt (designed for a casual user or an emergency situation);

· Filling out a template (entering, formatting information, reminiscent of working with a paper document, but only on the screen);

· Question-answer (carried out through a query displayed on the screen, to which the user must answer using the keyboard).

Technological process in automated workplace conditions- this is a combination in a certain sequence of automated and manual work that collectively implements the entire information process.

Conventionally, the technological process under automated workplace conditions can be divided into 3 stages:

1. Documentation of business transactions, i.e. registration of source information on paper or machine media.

2. Systematization and generalization of information, solving specific problems and obtaining output (results) data

3. Use of output results - preparation of output forms for making management decisions.

AWSs can be classified based on the following characteristics:

· functional scope of use ( scientific activity, design, production and technological processes, organizational management);

· operating mode (individual, group, network);

· qualifications of users (professional and non-professional).

Automated workstation (AWS) — a complex of computer hardware and software located directly at the employee’s workplace and designed to automate the employee’s work within the framework of his specialty.

The automated workplace includes:hardware, software, as well as information support and methodological documentation.

The software is divided into system-wide and functional. The functional software includes text editors, table editors, DBMS, programs for working with e-mail, etc.

Integrated office packages programs. A typical example is Microsoft Office.

The composition of the automated workplaces of specific specialists is determined depending on their job responsibilities and the functions they perform.

Currently, there is a huge selection of different software products that meet almost all the requirements imposed on it by representatives of various professions. However, there are situations when there is a need for some other programs. In such cases, special professional workstations are developed.

When creating such programs, it is necessary to take into account such points as:

• tasks to be solved;
• interaction with other specialists;
• professional habits and inclinations of the employee;
• development of not only software, but also special technical means (mouse, network, automatic dialing telephone numbers etc.).

The creation of efficiently operating professional workstations allows increasing the productivity of specialists and reducing the number of personnel. This increases the speed of information processing and its reliability, which is necessary for effective planning and management.

To effectively use the automated workplace complex, it is necessary, first of all, to clearly define for which specialists (managers, economists, statisticians, accountants) automated workplaces will be created. The composition and number of automated workplaces depend on the profile of the organization, its structure, scale and other parameters.

In practice, the development of specific workstations most often represents the automation of the most typical functions performed by an employee at a given workplace. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account that the employee’s workstation should consist only of those programs that the specialist really needs for his work. An excessive amount of software in the workplace takes up PC resources and can distract an employee from performing his duties.

To solve this problem, it is necessary to clearly define the information needs of each specialist - the intended user of the automated workplace. Generally speaking, each user must formulate such needs independently. Optimal implementation of the system being created is only possible if users can define their goals and indicate the nature of the information they need to achieve these goals. In addition, this approach to solving the problem of creating automated workplace software eliminates the psychological barrier in the relationship between man and machine. In this case, the user himself determines the operations that he constantly performs, and clearly knows which programs were installed for their automated execution.

However, in practice, it is not always easy for employees of an organization to clearly define their needs for the information necessary for their work. In this case, you can obtain information about the operations performed by the employee and the data used for this in two ways: different ways: asking the employee a direct question or receiving such information indirectly.

In the first case, employees draw up special certificates in writing containing:

• a list of your main responsibilities;
• specific types of information required to perform the above responsibilities.

Information needs are determined by the employee based on the composition of the main responsibilities and decisions made in the process of their implementation.

In another approach, information about responsibilities and information needs is obtained indirectly. The developer of the automated workplace asks employees - users of future automated workplaces - to describe what happens in the process of performing their job duties. After this, the developer must formulate specific questions that need to be answered under the assumption that the automated workplace is already functioning. This approach also allows the employee to gain greater insight into their activities and, in particular, the process of making complex decisions.

The result of applying any of the above approaches should be a clearly formulated list of the functions performed by the employee and his information needs. The next step on the path to creating an automated workplace is to determine those functions of the published list that can be automated and select programs with which this can be done.

An employee of any specialty using an automated workplace can perform the following operations:

• enter written information from the keyboard and visually monitor this process using a monitor;
• edit data;
• move, copy, delete information;
• display information on the screen, printer, record it on magnetic media;
• transfer data from one computer to another using magnetic media;
• exchange data via communication channels within a local area network or the Internet;
• accumulate and store data;
• search and collect necessary information, will update” data;
• obtain information from databases;
• protect information.

Let us determine the composition of the software necessary to create standard workstations. Let us recall that the composition of specific workstations largely depends on the specific organization and job responsibilities performed by employees.

Manager's workstation

Let's consider the main approaches to staffing a manager's workstation. By manager we mean not only the head of the organization, but also his deputies, chief accountant, chief engineer, heads of structural divisions of the enterprise, i.e. managers different levels. For these categories of employees, the functions they perform are largely similar, so the composition of the functional AWS Software will be approximately the same.

Most often, the manager needs information in connection with the implementation of the management process. The nature of information needs depends mainly on two factors: the personal qualities of the manager (knowledge of information systems, management style, understanding of information needs) and the organizational management structure within which decisions are made.

The higher the manager's competence in the field of information systems, the more complex and precise his information needs will be. A realistic understanding of the capabilities and costs involved puts him in a much better position to help develop an effective system.

A manager's technical background, leadership style, and decision-making ability all influence the nature and amount of information he or she requires. Some managers prefer to make decisions based on detailed information, others - on the basis of information of a more general nature, using personal consultations with subordinates.

The manager's own ideas about information needs also have a great impact on the composition of the automated workplace software. Often, managers hesitate between wanting to know only the necessary data or knowing all the information. Many managers have no idea what information they need. There are several views among managers regarding their responsibilities regarding the dissemination of information to their subordinates. A leader who cannot or does not want to delegate authority usually tends to withhold information.

Problems information support management depends on the scale of the enterprise and the complexity of its organizational structure. Larger enterprises with more complex organizational structures require more formal information systems, and information needs become more critical to operations.

At each level of management it is necessary different types information and, as a rule, in different forms. At the planning level, a one-time message, inference or single request is required. At the scheduling management level, deviation reporting, conclusions, and various periodic evaluation communications are required. At the level of operational control, a formal message about established procedures, a daily message about the implementation of an operation is necessary to ensure operational control of activities.

The more complex the organization's structure, the easier it is to determine information needs. Where rights and responsibilities are clearly defined, relationships are understood, and decision-making areas are limited, information needs are easier to identify.

The manager's responsibilities include:

• making management decisions within its terms of reference;
• analysis and synthesis of information necessary to make these decisions;
• determination of necessary actions for implementation decisions taken and determining the circle of persons who must ensure their implementation;
• formulating tasks for specific employees participating in the process of implementing management decisions and communicating these tasks to them;
• monitoring the execution of tasks.

It is obvious that most modern automated workplaces cannot assume the function of making management decisions, but they can significantly facilitate and speed up the performance of this function by the manager.

It is advisable to include at least the following software tools in the functional software of the manager's workstation:

• word processor;
• table processor;
• personal information system (organizer);
• DBMS (for working with databases on all aspects of the organization’s activities, to obtain the necessary archival and operational information);
• applied expert system(of necessity);
• Web browser;
• email program.

When developing automated workplaces for specialists, it is necessary, first of all, to take into account the nature of their job responsibilities. The information needs of ordinary employees, as well as the management apparatus, depend on factors such as the personal qualities of the employee and the structure of the organization. As for personal qualities, knowledge of information systems and technologies, as well as an understanding of the need for information, are important.

In the area of ​​the organization's structure, the profile of its activities plays a significant role. For example, although the accounting functions of a large industrial enterprise and a small trading company are essentially the same, the specific tasks performed by the accounting staff, as well as the types of documents with which they have to work, may be very different. Therefore, the correct selection and configuration of software products for the operation of a particular organization is extremely important.

Let's consider the composition of the automated workplace software for the most common specialties. The programs listed below constitute the minimum set of software tools for the average specialist.

The activities of various categories of workers in the field of organizational and economic management are based in modern conditions on the widespread use of automated workplaces as basic tools increasing the efficiency of their work.

Automated workstation (AWS) defined as a set of information, software and technical resources that provide the user with data processing and automation of management functions in a specific subject area. The workstation always has a problem-professional orientation and allows the user to transfer to the computer the execution of typical repetitive operations associated with the accumulation, systematization, storage, search, processing, protection and transmission of data.

A set of automated workplaces united by a single technology is called an EIS.

The purpose of the automated workplace is to provide information support for the formation and adoption of decisions.

If we take the organizational structure of management as a criterion, then we can conditionally distinguish the workstations of the manager, the workstations of mid-level and operational level managers.

These individuals need different information support.

The manager requires generalized, reliable and complete information that allows him to take right decisions. He needs analysis and planning tools various fields activities of the organization.

These tools include EMM, statistical methods, modeling methods, analysis of various areas of the organization’s activities, and forecasting methods. The supporting technologies require tabular, graphical, word processors, Email,DBMS.

The automated workstations of middle and operational level managers are used for decision making and execution. professional activity in a specific subject area, for example, an accountant's workstation, an appraiser's workstation, a credit department's workstation.

The nomenclature of workstations and the choice of IT are influenced by:

The management structure that has developed in the organization;

Domain technology;

Distribution of responsibilities and goals between employees. In other words: the nomenclature of automated workplaces is a function of the management structure of the organization. The content of the automated workplace is a function of the goals being realized.

Technological support for automated workplaces includes the following types of support: organizational, technical, informational, mathematical, software, linguistic, legal and ergonomic.

Organizational support is formed by a set of documents regulating the activities of specialists when using automated workplaces in accordance with their official duties.

Technical support The workstation is designed to directly perform all operations within the framework of the IT used, while guaranteeing the processing of specified volumes of data by the required point in time. In addition, technical support is the basis for the implementation of reliable data exchange in both local and global CS. The main part of the technical support of the workstation is made up of universal-purpose PCs with the status of a “thick” client, which have significant computing power. In PCs, the standard solution has become the use of processors of the Pentium 4 family (the processor clock frequency is close to 4 MHz). The specialization of buses has been strengthened, the dominant interfaces have become: PCI Express - for connecting everyone located on system board, key components of the system; USB 2.0 - for connection external devices; SATA - for data exchange with hard drives. The use of laptops is expanding, including by mobile users. A stable trend in the development of workstations as part of corporate information systems is a gradual transition from the implementation of a workstation in the form of a “thick” client to a simpler solution in the form of a “thin” client with a minimum sufficient volume functionality(based on Windows terminals, X terminals, various Java devices).

Information Support The workstation is focused on supporting the features of structuring the data used that are familiar to users, allowing quick search, making necessary changes, preparing documents and reports. A typical solution is to provide access for users from different workstations to an information and reference system, for example “ConsultantPlus”.

Linguistic support combines a set of language tools for formalizing natural language, constructing and combining information units, generally oriented towards effective implementation user interface.

Software is a set of mathematical methods, models and algorithms that provide data processing to obtain the required results. Mathematical software includes tools for modeling control processes, methods for optimizing the processes under study and making decisions (methods of multicriteria optimization, mathematical programming, mathematical statistics, queuing theory, etc.). It serves as the basis for the development of specialized software.

Software is formed by a set of programs that allow you to organize the solution of problems on a computer. In interaction with technical means, it directly provides solutions to problems of one class or another, using both system and special (application) software. The basis of system software for workstations for various purposes is usually the OS of the Windows family (clone). In most cases, the specific specialization of workstations is specified by functionally oriented application software packages. Repurposing an automated workstation for another subject area is carried out, as a rule, by changing the composition of the application software. Traditionally, the use of an integrated MS Office software package as a general-purpose application software, usually as part of the Word editor, Excel spreadsheets, Access DBMS, Power Point presentation preparation system, mail program Outlook Express.

The composition of specialized AWS application software is determined by its subject focus. Thus, an accountant’s workstation is necessarily equipped with an accounting automation program; in recent years, the network version of the 1C:Enterprise family of programs has dominated in this area. 8. In the field of financial management, the Project Expert program, focused on analyzing groups of projects and developing business plans, is used as part of automated workplaces. To work in real time (on-line) in financial markets, the package is widely used technical analysis MetaStock. In banking practice, automated workplaces are implemented, as a rule, as part of an automated banking system, for example 5NTe BANK; The communications workstation included in it supports data exchange with branches, the interbank settlement system, clients (via the Client-Bank system), etc.

In many ways, the composition of specialized application software depends on the user’s position in the management hierarchy. Thus, the level of performers usually involves the use of automated workplaces as part of a specific information system providing the ability to enter primary data into it, check and structure it (based on the database), as well as solve typical regularly occurring problems. The workstations of top-level managers (directors, deputies, chief specialists) are largely focused on supporting the solution of problems of strategic planning, searching for financial resources, forming investment policies, organizing new areas of activity that involve the formation of operational analytical reports, - forecasting the behavior of economic indicators, carrying out multivariate simulation modeling.

Support is of current importance when determining the composition of software information security AWS (regulation of access to resources, antivirus protection, backup, encryption, electronic digital signature and etc.).

Legal support is a set of legal norms regulating legal relations during the creation and operation of IP and IT.

Ergonomic support is formed by a set of methods and tools designed to create optimal conditions for high-quality, highly efficient and error-free user activity. Focusing on the issues of compliance with ergonomic requirements when designing workstations and compliance with sanitary standards when working with them is due to the prolonged work of users at computers, which can potentially lead to eye diseases, disorders of the musculoskeletal system, skin diseases, increased allergic reactions, stressful situations, etc. .

Computers and displays sold must have a hygienic certificate, during the issuance of which a number of parameters are checked: x-ray power, magnetic and electric field strength, surface electrostatic potential, sound level. The most stringent standards for the safety of computer equipment include the international standards TCO 95 and TCO 99 (previously the standards for TCO 92 and MPR-II displays were applied), which define the maximum permissible standards for the intensity of X-ray and electromagnetic radiation, the level of electrostatic potential and noise, and the frequency of image regeneration , energy saving, materials used, possibilities for adjusting the position of the screen, etc.

User fatigue is reduced by: using a flat-screen display with an anti-glare coating (preferably, displays on liquid crystals), correct placement of light sources with rated power, maintaining the distance between the screen and eyes at 40-50 cm; breaks of 15-20 minutes after two hours of work, regular wiping of the screen, wet cleaning of the room and periodic ventilation (air conditioners are effective). Great importance has the use of ergonomic keyboards with an optimized shape; They not only improve user productivity, but also reduce overall fatigue during the workday.

A huge role in increasing the comfort of users and, accordingly, reducing their fatigue is played by the effective use of multimedia capabilities of modern computer technologies, which contribute to the development of an intuitive user interface both when interacting with the OS and application software, further development visualization tools that facilitate the perception of information from the display screen, as well as psychological relief for users.

Distinctive Features The automated workplaces at the present stage are:

Using a PC as universal device decentralized processing and storage of data;

Ability to work within local and, if necessary, global computer networks;

Flexible adaptation capabilities that allow you to configure the automated workplace to the specific characteristics of a particular organization;

Use of integrated application packages;

The use of a friendly user interface with advanced capabilities for visualizing data and processing results (WIMP and Web interface, see clause 4.2), expanding the possibilities of using the terminology of user areas in an interactive mode, using an effective help system for working with the software;

Sharing information resources(DB) taking into account the policy of differentiating access rights, collaboration of many users on a common task;

Ability to load/unload data based on widely used data presentation formats;

Strengthening support for the analytical component in the activities of various categories of users.

In general, workstations, realizing the wide capabilities of modern IT, can dramatically increase the efficiency of various categories of users by expanding the volume of data used, increasing the speed of their processing, improving the quality of prepared management decisions, and the efficiency of data exchange and the results of their processing.