Definition of what an information system is. Information Systems. After studying the section, you should know

INFORMATION SYSTEMS. STRUCTURE AND CLASSIFICATION OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Information system- is an interconnected set of tools, methods and personnel used to store, process and issue information to achieve the goal of management. In modern conditions, the main technical means of information processing is Personal Computer... Most modern information systems transform not information, but data. Therefore, they are often referred to as data processing systems.

According to the degree of mechanization of information transformation procedures, data processing systems are divided into manual processing systems, mechanized, automated and automatic data processing systems.

The most important principles of building effective information systems are as follows.

Integration principle , which consists in the fact that the processed data, once entered into the system, is reused for solving a large number of problems.

The principle of consistency , which consists in processing data in various aspects in order to obtain the information necessary for making decisions at all levels of management.

The principle of complexity , which consists in the mechanization and automation of data conversion procedures at all stages of the information system functioning.

Information systems are also classified:

by functional purpose: production, commercial, financial, marketing, etc .;
by control objects: computer-aided design information systems, technological process control, enterprise management (office, firm, corporation, organization), etc .;
by the nature of the use of the resulting information: information retrieval, designed to collect, store and issue information at the request of the user; information and advice, offering the user certain recommendations for decision-making (decision support systems); information-controllers, the result information of which is directly involved in the formation of control actions.

The structure of information systems is made up of a set of its individual parts, called subsystems.

Functional subsystems implement and maintain models, methods and algorithms for obtaining management information... The composition of functional subsystems is very diverse and depends on the subject area of use of the information system, the specifics of the economic activity of the object, and management.

Part supporting subsystems usually includes:

information support - methods and means of building information system bases, including systems of classification and coding of information, unified systems of documents, schemes of information flows, principles and methods of creating databases;
technical support- a set of technical means involved in the technological process of converting information in the system. First of all, these are computers, peripheral equipment, equipment and data transmission channels;
software includes a set of programs for regular use, necessary to solve functional tasks, and programs that allow you to most effectively use computing technology providing users with the greatest convenience in their work;
software - a set of mathematical methods, models and algorithms for information processing used in the system;
linguistic support - a set of linguistic means used in the system in order to improve the quality of its development and facilitate communication between a person and a machine.

Organizational subsystems in essence, they also refer to supporting subsystems, but they are primarily aimed at ensuring the effective work of personnel, and therefore they can be distinguished separately. These include:

staffing - the composition of specialists involved in the creation and operation of the system, staffing and functional responsibilities;
ergonomic support - a set of methods and tools used in the development and operation of the information system, creating optimal conditions for the activities of personnel, for the fastest mastering of the system;
legal support - a set of legal norms governing the creation and operation of an information system, the procedure for obtaining, transforming and using information;
organizational support - a set of solutions that regulate the processes of creation and functioning of both the system as a whole and its personnel.

Information Systems

Information system(IS) is a system that implements an information model of a subject area, most often - any area of human activity. IS should provide: receipt (input or collection), storage, search, transfer and processing (transformation) of information.

Information system(or information and computing system) is called a set of interconnected hardware and software tools to automate the accumulation and processing of information. The information system receives data from an information source. These data are sent for storage or undergo some processing in the system and then transferred to the consumer.

Feedback can be established between the consumer and the information system itself. In this case, the information system is called closed... A feedback channel is necessary when it is necessary to take into account the consumer's reaction to the information received.

The information system consists of databases, in which information is accumulated, source of information, IC hardware, software part of the IC, consumer of information.

Composition of information systems

local area networks

Classification of information systems according to the degree of automation

Usually the term IP is nowadays referred to as automated information systems.

Classification of information systems by the nature of the use of information

Information retrieval systems are a system for accumulating, processing, searching and issuing information of interest to the user.
Information and analytical systems - a class of information systems designed for analytical processing data using knowledge bases and expert systems.
Information-solving systems are systems that accumulate, process and process information using applied software.
- control information systems using databases and application software packages.
- advising expert information systems using applied knowledge bases,
Situational centers (information and analytical complexes)

Classification of information systems by architecture

Local ISs (running on one electronic device that does not interact with the server or other devices)
Client-server IS (operating in a local or global network with a single server)
Distributed IS (decentralized systems in a heterogeneous multi-server network)

Classification of information systems by scope

Organizational management information systems - ensuring the automation of the functions of management personnel.
Information systems for managing technical processes - ensuring the control of mechanisms, technological modes in automated production.
Automated research systems - hardware and software systems designed for research and testing.
Computer-aided design information systems are software and hardware systems designed to carry out design work using mathematical methods.
Automated training systems - complexes of software and hardware, educational and methodological literature and electronic textbooks that provide educational activities.
Integrated information systems - providing automation of most of the functions of the enterprise.
Economic information system - ensuring the automation of collection, storage, processing and issuance necessary information designed to perform management functions.

Classification of information systems based on the structuredness of the tasks being solved

Model information systems allow you to establish a dialogue with a model in the process of its research (while providing information that is lacking for making a decision), and also provides a wide range of mathematical, statistical, financial and other models, the use of which facilitates the development of a strategy and an objective assessment of decision alternatives. The user can get the information he lacks for making a decision by.
The use of expert information systems is associated with the processing of knowledge for the development and assessment of possible alternatives for making a decision by the user. It is implemented at two levels:

First level(the concept of a "standard set of alternatives") - reducing problem situations to some homogeneous classes of solutions. Expert support at this level is realized by creating an information fund for storing and analyzing typical alternatives. Second level- generation of an alternative based on transformation rules and procedures for evaluating synthesized alternatives, using the database available in the information fund.

Expert systems represent a set of facts, information and data with a system of rules for the inference of information based on a logical model of databases and knowledge bases. Databases contain a collection of specific data, and knowledge bases - a collection of specific and generalized information within the logical model of the knowledge base.

Notes (edit)

Sources of information

Izhevsk State Technical University

Links

Organization of management in developing companies and new tasks of information systems

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

See what "Information Systems" is in other dictionaries:

Systems for storing, processing, transforming, transferring, updating information using computer and other equipment. Raizberg BA, Lozovsky L.Sh., Starodubtseva EB .. Modern economic dictionary. 2nd ed., Rev. M .: INFRA M. 479 s ... Economic Dictionary- infoRMATION SYSTEMSSystems that ensure the process, by means of which the collection and processing of relevant information and its timely transmission are organized, which gives the management (management structures) the ability to clearly perform their functions ... Encyclopedia of Banking and Finance

This article should be wikified. Please, arrange it according to the rules of article formatting ... Wikipedia

Fire safety information systems- Automated and information systems and means of ensuring fire safety of settlements and objects, complexes and means of automation and informatization, implementing the functions of ensuring fire safety and ... ... Official terminology

Information systems in urban planning- 1. Information support systems urban planning activities organized in accordance with the requirements of this Code, a systematized set of documented information about the development of territories, about their development, about land plots ... Official terminology

Information systems related to financial (accounting) reporting- 78. Information systems associated with the preparation of financial (accounting) statements, including the accounting system, consist of the relevant procedures and records established to initiate business transactions ... ... Official terminology

Urban planning information systems- a systematized set of documented information on the development of territories, on their development, on land plots, on capital construction objects and other information necessary for the implementation of urban planning activities; the purpose of maintaining And ... Environmental Law of Russia: Dictionary of Legal Terms

The article by Nikolai Mikhailovsky, published in this issue of the journal, rightly notes the confusion in IT terminology. This confusion covers not only the concepts of "information system" (IS) and "IP architecture", it is not at all harmless and often prevents in practice from clearly defining what is the subject of development in a specific project: IS, only its KSA (see below) or the whole system (AC)?

To try to clarify the matter, below are key definitions from regulatory documents and, by comparison, from more general sources. The definitions are selected from the working materials of the author of this note, which were an addition to the main materials of courses for specialists and managers. (This explains the presence of comments and the free arrangement of the material in this note - after all, this is not a glossary!) That is why it is said about it: practice has repeatedly shown that a glossary is not enough either. Creating a common “conceptual space” —for at least ten course participants — requires another half hour to an hour of discussion to get the same understanding of things like “system”, “IS” and “CSA”. Finally, with regret, we have to note that outside of the note there was material that could clarify what “System engineering” is, software architecture and other important processes and subjects of design, design and use of systems.

System:

A complex consisting of processes, hardware and software, devices and personnel capable of meeting the established needs or goals ().

Note: close enough to the definition of an automated system (AS) in GOST 34.

Automated system (AS):

In the process of functioning, an automated system is a combination of a set of automation tools, organizational, methodological and technological documents and specialists who use them in the process of their professional activity. (From the guidelines RD 50-680-88 series of standards GOST 34 on automated systems(AC).)

A comment.
Recent years have been marked by a qualitative expansion of the meaning of the term "system", reflected in the documents of international committees and professional communities focused on IT. There is a transition to an interpretation that is even broader than indicated in, due to the explicit inclusion of components of other types (materials, methods, etc.). In this regard, the relevance of a broader use of the term "information management system" (see, for example, c) and a narrower use of the term "information system" (see below) is growing.

Information System (IS):

1) a system designed for collecting, transferring, processing, storing and issuing information to consumers and consisting of the following main components:

software,
Information Support,
technical means,
service staff ().

2) Information system - The collection of people, procedures, and equipment designed, built, operated, and maintained to collect, record, process, store, retrieve, and display information ().

A comment.
IS is initially considered as a system indifferent to the specific goals of users, similar to an automatic telephone exchange, a general-purpose library or help desk railway station, which provides its information services as a subsystem or an adjacent system for more common system: enterprise, city, industry, country, etc. (cm. ). Once again, we note that too often IS is understood as a variety of things - from KSA to AC.

The standards have a clear definition of the technical concept of "IT system", which is often required to be used instead of IS. So in GOST R ISO / MEK TO 10000-1-99 it is determined

Information technology system (IT system):

A collection of information technology resources providing services over one or more interfaces. (This is close to the concept of "a complex of automation tools" in the methodological instructions RD 50-680-88 from GOST 34, where the main provisions of this ND complex are given.)

A set of automation tools for an automated system; KSA AC:

The collection of all components of the speaker, with the exception of people ().

Sources of(which are not named directly in the text)

Webster's New World Dictionary of Computer Terms, Fourth edition, 1993.

GOST 34.003-90. Information technology. A set of standards and guidelines for automated systems. Terms and Definitions.

D.Meister, J.Rabido, Engineering and psychological assessment in the development of control systems. "Soviet Radio", M. 1970.

The Big English-Russian Polytechnic Dictionary, M., "Russian language", 1991.

Information systems in economics: Textbook / Ed. Prof. V.V. Dick. - M .: Finance and statistics, 1996.

GOST R ISO / IEC 12207-99. Information technology. Software life cycle processes. STATE STANDARD OF RUSSIA. Moscow, 1999.

Zinder Evgeny Zakharovich,
chief editor of the magazine "DIS", director of the analytical and design bureau "Group 24".
You can write to him at the addresses:

What is an information system? It is about a set of tools for collecting, as well as storing and disseminating data. At the same time, any system that provides such functions can be considered similar. If we talk in more depth about the meaning of the concept, then such can be called the creation of sources used in the future to obtain data, filter them and popularize them.

Definition

In this article, we will take a closer look at what an information system is. This concept is directly related to computer nuances. Otherwise, such a system can be called a complex, which implies the mutual work of people and technology, as a result of which information is processed and changes its appearance.

Also, this term can be used in a more limited sense. Often this is the name of the software that is necessary for the correct operation of databases. However, answering the question of what an information system is, a person implies a complex that includes a surface layer. A collection of users, processors, communication networks, and so on can serve as such. Moreover, any of the information systems is necessary in order to maintain the correct operation of all operations, as well as to manage decisions. Disclosing in more detail what an information system is, it must be said that this is communication technology used by many organizations. It also refers to the ways in which people interact with PCs and other types of devices while working in business. On the this moment many researchers clearly distinguish between information and computer systems. As a rule, the former are not directly related to technologies, but include many components of computer technology.

General concept

In this article there will be a speech about the information support system, which differs from business processes. As a rule, their differences lie in the fact that such a complex helps not to manage the latter, but only to monitor the effectiveness of their work. Many information systems are referred to as a special type of functional process. However, we are still talking not about one function, but about a complex, within which people or technology perform certain options using certain resources. It should be noted once again that the information system is based on work that allows you to collect data, transfer it, store, search, process, and also display the received files as much as possible.

What is IP?

Analyzing the above nuances, the information system is one that is closely related to many complexes. The latter allow you to connect data from two parties at once and their workflows. It is a form of relationship. Within its limits, data is provided and processed as much as possible. As a rule, in such a complex, information is considered social memory. The system described can also be thought of as a semi-official language that is capable of supporting all human actions. She is the mainstream in Organizational Informatics.

Basic concepts, definitions, classification of information systems

At the moment, there are several management information systems. Among them, support for the adoption of different solutions or actions, and transaction processing. Still exist special systems that allow you to manage learning or acquired knowledge, databases. When creating any information complex takes into account the technologies that are necessary in order to perform tasks that defy the human brain. For example, to perform complex calculations or control many processes at once. It is for such purposes that such complexes are being created. Presently Information Technology is a rather important resource that is as accessible as possible for any manager. Today, a large number of companies are introducing vacancies based on work with similar systems. It is not uncommon for a technical director to be appointed to this position.

Equipment

To ensure the security of information systems, you must work with the correct equipment. At the moment, there are six main components that need to be combined to create such an entity. Hardware is one of them. This term is entirely about technology. We are talking about the presence of a computer, which is often called in the professional field central processing unit... It is also necessary to purchase all the equipment that allows you to maintain the operation of this equipment. Among the auxiliary or additional equipment, a device should be distinguished that allows data storage, communication with other components, and also provide input-output of parameters.

Software

The unified information system runs on special software. It is this that allows the correct functionality to be implemented. At the same time, special guidelines are often created that make it possible to maintain the correct operation of the support. At the moment, there are a large number of computer utilities, as well as machine-readable instructions that function without human intervention. Thus, they allow the hardware parts of the system to operate using electrical circuits... As a result, the computer produces useful data from just the analyzed mass of files. The resulting information is usually located on some devices, and removable media is also allowed.

Data

Speaking about an automated information system, it is imperative to say about data. They are directly used by her. It is this information that is needed to obtain useful files. As mentioned above, they are stored on special media until the computer becomes profitable from using certain information. It should be noted that the complex cannot work without taking into account the presence of the obtained facts, which, as a result, are then processed and systematized.

Procedures

Of course, it is necessary to add, speaking about an automated information system, about procedures. They are also important in the described term. This implies a policy that fully distributes functionality computer system... Moreover, these can be either requirements or a rule. With their help, the information system will function and develop as quickly as possible.

People

The state information system and any others need people, because such complexes are being created just to ensure maximum work and convenience for consumers. They are often the most significant development element. It should be noted that it is the users who completely influence the resulting success or failure. At the same time, it should be said that this item should include not only users, but also those who operate and maintain the equipment, as well as the information system itself as a whole.

Feedback

Any private or public information system must have feedback... This component is not the main one, but it is quite important. It has already been said above that information is considered a kind of connector between a computer and people. Thus, all the data that is collected as a result of the work is information, moreover, scattered until the PC itself organizes it. It is at this stage that all information becomes useful and falls under the definition of IP.

Pyramid

A single information system of the classical type is called a pyramid. As a rule, this is what is taught in programming textbooks. In the eighties, it was drawn in the form of a regular pyramid, which made it possible to fully indicate the hierarchy of each component. It should be noted that at the very bottom were the systems processed in the transaction. Slightly higher was the management of the IS, necessary in order to maintain the high-quality operation of the complex, and in the upper part there was a model of the executive base.

This type of image is useful even today. A large number of new technologies were formulated on the basis of the pyramid, but it should be noted that due to the development of technology, some components of this system may no longer be entirely relevant.

Computer ICs

Computer information systems are required in order to work with some of the scheduled tasks.

Such complexes have basic components. Typically, this is the hardware part. It includes a processor, monitor, printer, keyboard, and so on.

In addition, you need to have programs that allow you to process the data.

Networks are often needed to link the system and the computers in use.

The working structure of the procedures, which are the commands needed to process the information, should be fully provided.

You also need to guarantee the functionality of the databases. They will store the resulting tables with important files.

At the moment, the described systems, which we are talking about now, work with the first four components. They are combined into one complex. It is called the information technology platform.

Information systems development

Information systems are developed within the framework of the work of any organizations, or at the expense of external sources. Often, these components influence the development of large firms, allowing the maximum use of information technology. If we talk about techniques and processes, then at the moment a large number of instructions have been developed, which makes it possible to effectively use such a system.

INFORMATION SYSTEMS. STRUCTURE AND CLASSIFICATION OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Information system- is an interconnected set of tools, methods and personnel used to store, process and issue information to achieve the goal of management. In modern conditions, the main technical means of information processing is a personal computer. Most modern information systems transform not information, but data. Therefore, they are often referred to as data processing systems.

The most important principles of building effective information systems are as follows.

Integration principle , which consists in the fact that the processed data, once entered into the system, is reused for solving a large number of problems.

The principle of consistency , which consists in processing data in various aspects in order to obtain the information necessary for making decisions at all levels of management.

The principle of complexity , which consists in the mechanization and automation of data conversion procedures at all stages of the information system functioning.

Information systems are also classified:

by functional purpose: production, commercial, financial, marketing, etc .;
by control objects: computer-aided design information systems, technological process control, enterprise management (office, firm, corporation, organization), etc .;
by the nature of the use of the resulting information: information retrieval, designed to collect, store and issue information at the request of the user; information and advice, offering the user certain recommendations for decision-making (decision support systems); information-controllers, the result information of which is directly involved in the formation of control actions.

The structure of information systems is made up of a set of its individual parts, called subsystems.

Functional subsystems implement and maintain models, methods and algorithms for obtaining control information. The composition of functional subsystems is very diverse and depends on the subject area of use of the information system, the specifics of the economic activity of the object, and management.

Part supporting subsystems usually includes:

information support - methods and means of construction information base systems, including systems of classification and coding of information, unified systems of documents, schemes of information flows, principles and methods of creating databases;
technical support - a set of technical means involved in the technological process of converting information in the system. First of all, these are computers, peripheral equipment, equipment and data transmission channels;
software includes a set of programs for regular use necessary to solve functional problems, and programs that allow the most efficient use of computing technology, providing users with the greatest convenience in their work;
software - a set of mathematical methods, models and algorithms for information processing used in the system;
linguistic support - a set of linguistic means used in the system in order to improve the quality of its development and facilitate communication between a person and a machine.

staffing - the composition of specialists involved in the creation and operation of the system, staffing and functional responsibilities;
ergonomic support - a set of methods and tools used in the development and operation of the information system, creating optimal conditions for the activities of personnel, for the fastest mastering of the system;
legal support - a set of legal norms governing the creation and operation of an information system, the procedure for obtaining, transforming and using information;
organizational support - a set of solutions that regulate the processes of creation and functioning of both the system as a whole and its personnel.