Negative consequences of implementation information technologies

Along with the “digital divide” and “virtual barrier”, changes in the information technology of the work performed can often have a negative impact on people (information noise, etc.) participating in these processes, causing them various negative reactions (information, psychological barriers, etc. .).

Information noise means that there are extraneous signals (noise) in the total amount of useful data received. In the IPS, it indicates that as a result of a search by request, the user received information that does not correspond to his request (irrelevant).

Information barrier - one of the factors hindering obtaining the necessary information, complicating the use of documents as sources of information. To a large extent, it is caused by the laws of the development of information flows: the constant growth of the number of publications, their scattering in various publications, the aging of publications and, conversely, their actualization. The information barrier affects both the stratification of information and society. Its appearance and deepening is facilitated by such phenomena as information noise, psychological barrier, etc.

Psychological barrier usually arises as a defensive reaction of a person to attempts to change the established sequence of his actions. It is associated with the need to perform new complex types of work, with overloads that appear when searching for data, choosing them in a large array of information received and studying selected materials, sometimes comprising several hundred or even thousands of documents.

General conclusions

Remember the main thing - information is a multifaceted concept. It includes data, information, messages and knowledge; characterized by the sources of its occurrence, consumers, distribution medium and means of its delivery. In this case, for example, not all knowledge, information and data become information.

Information has various properties, for the systematization of which they use different variants its classification.

The science "Informatics" deals with the study of the types and properties of information and information processes. Abroad, it is usually called computational science. It distinguishes two main areas: theoretical and applied informatics. The latter serves as the basis for the formation of “branch informatics”.

Methods and methods of work based on the use of information processes in order to perform certain tasks, create information resources, services and products, etc. called information technology. Information technologies have existed since time immemorial - since the formation of mental and physical activity person. It is customary to consider their evolution from the moment of the invention of printing in Germany, that is, from the middle of the 15th century. Experts associate the modern (6th) stage of development of information technologies with the use in the XXI century. nanotechnology and supercomputers capable of performing various information processes using their combined computing power located anywhere on the planet and interconnected via telecommunications (Internet). The properties of information technologies determine the properties of information.

Information technology tools (tools) are referred to as an information technology base or platform. They include hardware, devices and complexes (computers and peripherals to them, office equipment), telecommunications, software and software. “Platform” is an important component information technology structures – internal organization information technology, representing the relationship of its constituent components. It includes hardware and software, databases and user interface.

Information and communication technologies play an important, if not decisive, role in the economic, political, social, cultural development of modern societies. Information technology is a strategically important industry that affects all aspects of the life of any modern society... They create broad opportunities for economic growth and social development of individuals and societies as a whole.

Information technology has a life cycle. In the general case, it is characteristic of most living and inanimate objects, for example, humans, animals or plants. The life cycle of information technology means a period of life and effective use of technical means, computer programs, website or portal, a communication line connecting, for example, an Internet service provider and its user.

The development of information technologies is also associated with the emergence of problems, barriers and risks that give rise to inequality of people (“digital divide” and “virtual barrier”). Changes in the technologies of the work performed sometimes have a negative impact on the people participating in these processes, causing them negative reactions, for example, rejection and rejection, fatigue and others, generating information noise, as well as information and psychological barriers.

Every day, technology and various modern technologies are increasingly entering our lives, and today we can no longer imagine a single day without them. Various appliances and technological innovations- from computers, e-books, tablets and smartphones, to social networks and computer games - all this not only changed our life, but also our habits, which both help us in life and complicate it, forming addictions and changing our character.

When we talk about the negative impact of technology on our lives, we usually remember first of all - the impact of sources of electromagnetic radiation, for example, a computer. Indeed, sources of weak electromagnetic radiation, acting over a long period of time, are dangerous. These sources, in addition to the computer, also include audio and video equipment, mobile phones, TVs and Appliances... The nervous, immune, reproductive and endocrine systems of the body are affected by electromagnetic radiation.

This is what many of us know about the influence of modern technology and technology, at least superficially. However, this is not all. Let's talk about another, no less important, side of this influence. Earlier in the article "" it was already mentioned that 85% of people experience bouts of rage, hysteria, severe stress, reaching a nervous breakdown, and other nervous disorders from ... problems arising in the operation of technological devices.

For example, the "hourglass syndrome" - developing from just waiting while working at the computer, when the cursor froze in the form of an hourglass on the screen - can cause despair, a feeling of powerlessness and panic.

At the same time, such an irreplaceable thing as the Internet also has its downside. Japanese and English doctors have investigated in detail the question of how. The reason for such studies was the increasing number of patients' complaints about memory problems.

The results of a study conducted in one of the Japanese hospitals among patients aged 20 to 35 years, surprised not only scientists. It turned out that the new generation, accustomed to devices of "external memory", is losing the basic functions of memory. People are getting worse at remembering new information become unable to isolate from large volume information necessary.

Modern technology, the Internet is always at hand, and there is no longer any need to keep something in memory, it is much easier to find the information you need on the Web.

As for social networks and the like modern means communication, the situation here is also not optimistic. Social networks, used by many to expand their circle of friends, make new contacts, etc., only increase the feeling of loneliness.

If we talk about Ukrainians, then, according to experts, spending up to 27 hours a month or just under one hour a day on social media.

To be continued…

Key words: exusion, cyberspace, addiction, transformation, caring, phreaking, cracking.

Currently, there are significant shifts in the formation of the information professional culture of a specialist.

One of the scientific directions at the present stage of the development of society is the widespread use of computer and information technologies in professional activities. Therefore, the urgent task of the modern information society is the modernization of education, which implies the introduction of a new information, professional culture of the future specialist.

Realities today say that the consciousness of the younger generation is already immersed in the space of global computer networks: Internet, numerous WWW services, numerous information and communication technologies, which represents the potential for positive development of psychological properties and qualities of a young person.

As the world and domestic experience shows, information technologies have a significant impact on the formation of mental processes in human activity.

In our article, we set the task to analyze the psychology of computerization, in other words, to show the features of the transformation of mental processes and functions under the influence of computerization.

Today, the development of computerization, along with numerous positive results, also causes potentially negative changes in personality psychology, especially among adolescents and children.

From a psychological point of view, when a person interacts with computer and information technologies, not only individual actions are transformed, but also human activity as a whole. So, L.S. Vygotsky, speaking about the transformation and complication of the structure of higher mental functions in the process of mastering and applying new information technologies, notes their essential role in the transformation of human activity.

A number of scientists (Yu.A. Shreider 1976, NN Elistratova, 2007) even raise the question of the social responsibility of the creators of software for computers for the consequences of their use.

It is necessary to differentiate the positive and negative effects of information technology on mental activity. Informatization of professional activity has a negative impact on non-computerized types of activity, as well as on the personality of a person as a whole. And therefore, in our opinion, the psychological impact of information technology on a person should be the subject of careful analysis.

Consider some negative aspects psychological consequences of the use of information technology:

Zones of psychological consequences of informatization. In our opinion, the zones of the psychological consequences of informatization can be interactions with information technologies: educational, labor, play and other forms of activity. This also includes consulting users with IT experts. Indirect zones of the psychological consequences of informatization are visitors to special attractions (associated with virtual reality), credit card holders, recipients of electronic messages, viewers animation films and etc.

Mediated interaction with IT is very difficult, namely: there is an attempt to communicate with a computer as a partner, or "computer-like communication" (Yu.D. Babaeva, 1998), which is an imitation of personal communication with users, which also has a negative psychological effect on the user ...

The most striking and in many negative examples of personality change under the influence of IT are computer game addiction and the so-called hacking.

Another psychological consequence of informatization can be exusion (from Lat.Exutio -

exclusion, seizure, extermination). These are data on the gradual fading of computational skills (oral counting, addition, multiplication, extraction of roots, exponentiation, etc.), that is, mathematical skills, methods of scientific knowledge, which supplants the independent development of new knowledge among students. In other words, the student develops negative methods of cognition: the predominance of psychotechnics "thanks to IT", the upbringing of a technocrat, and the narrowing of the thinking activity of IT users.

Information technologies make it possible to implement socially significant ways to expand the experience of knowledge, various creative ideas, cognitive needs, and creativity. At the same time, in these conditions, it becomes possible, especially for children and adolescents, to escape the difficulties and problems of the reality surrounding a person into the tempting world of "computer load and in cyberspace" virtual reality, that is, there is a real threat of the development of children's autism (from the Latin word autos - "self", immersion in oneself). Experience shows that computer or electronic games often lead to autism, although some developed software tools can also act as an effective tool for the treatment of mental illness, as well as modern IT can compensate for the lack of social contacts in people with impairments to the organs of movement.

Such negative transformations are taking place at the global level, both under the influence of positive and negative consequences of information technologies.

Therefore, we consider it necessary to analyze some psychological characteristics of the potentially negative consequences of information technology, which are of particular concern:

1. Aggressiveness. The aggressiveness of the plots of many games is quite obvious even to a layman. The same applies to many TV plots and this fact also causes condemnation and a considerable number of objections. Moreover, the plots of many books or videos intended for children (including even fairy tales) contain elements of aggressiveness. So aggressiveness itself, as far as experts know, cannot be completely eliminated, especially from childhood and adolescent consciousness. but computer games are likely to have a certain specificity: unlike reading a book or watching a non-interactive movie, players are directly involved in aggressive actions, including killing other players, mobs, etc. Moreover, the visual picture of game situations (including aggressive ones) is becoming clearer and closer to reality.

Here it is appropriate to make the following assumption. Among the avid visitors to computer clubs, especially players, there are probably the so-called. problematic children and adolescents: not found a place among their peers, for some reason "unloved" children, growing up in a difficult family environment, and in addition, it is quite likely characterized by mental retardation, character accentuations, etc. These children and adolescents undoubtedly need psychological help. Weaning them away from their favorite games will not be beneficial: it will cause psychological trauma, exacerbate restlessness and may push them into rash antisocial actions. It would be much more useful to organize a psychological service to work with problem children and adolescents in places of their natural congestion, including computer clubs... Another proposal is to organize systematic psychological and pedagogical studies of the activity of children and adolescents associated with the use of computers and the Internet.

2. Internet addiction, or dependence on computers and the Internet, can affect both adults and children. Addiction is most often understood as the following set of actions:

Inability and active unwillingness to distract even for a short time from working on the Internet, and even more so to stop working.

The desire to spend increasing periods of time working on the Internet and the inability to plan the time of the end of a particular session of work; willingness to spend everything on the Internet more money without stopping at spending savings saved for other purposes or getting into debt.

Ability and tendency to forget about household chores, school or official duties, important personal and business meetings, neglecting studies or careers when surfing the Internet.

Unwillingness to accept criticism of such a lifestyle from loved ones and superiors; a willingness to put up with the destruction of the family, the loss of friends and social circle due to the preoccupation with working on the Internet.

The above actions are really common among Internet users.

Terminologically, addiction is understood as a very limited set of addictions, or addictions of a narcotic type: from tobacco, alcohol, drugs, as well as from gambling; there are also some less common types of addictions. Currently, there are more and more active attempts to expand the understanding of dependencies through a variety of behaviors (such as Internet addiction).

Potentially subject to Internet addiction people ("addicts") need psychological help. Psychological assistance can be provided by a general practitioner - or a specialized psychological assistance service for computer "geeks" or "addicts" can be organized.

3. Hacking all over the world is considered by young people to be a fashionable style of behavior, the popularity of corresponding styles of behavior and specialized programs (for "crack") is growing. For the popularity of hacking / carding / phreaking / cracking, etc. there are many explanations. It should be said about professional hackers-criminals (engaged in theft Money, the systematic purchase of goods using someone else's electronic payment documents, industrial espionage, etc.) and amateur hackers (trying to do all the same, plus the compilation of viruses, etc.).

Professional hackers (that is, undoubted criminals) are well versed in the legal consequences of their actions and deliberately chose this style of behavior. In our opinion, we should not talk about fighting, but about educating amateur hackers.

The psychological mechanisms of the impact of information technology on a person should be the subject of careful analysis. The competent use of IT should become the subject of professional training for specialists in computerized activities, since in the transition to information society the main task is to form a future specialist who has not only professional competence, but is also able to creatively professionally exist and interact in the space of constantly updated information flows.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the negative impact of information technology on the psychology of personality. Resume.

This article analyzes the negative impact of information technology on the psychology of personality.

Bibliography

1. Vygotsky L.S. Educational Psychology / Ed. V.V. Davydov. - M .: Pedagogy, 1991 480 p.

2. Shreider Yu.A. Information processes and information environment // NTI. Ser. 1. Information processes and systems. - 1976. - No. 1.p.19-27.

3. Elistratova N.N. Pedagogical conditions for the formation of information culture in the educational process of a higher educational institution // Bulletin of Buryatskogo state university... Issue 1. Pedagogy. 2007. - No. 1. - p. 73-75.

4. Yu.D. Babaeva, Psychological consequences of informatization / "Psychological journal", E 1, 1998, pp.88-100.

5. Averyanova T.A. Development information activities students: Methodological guide for teachers of higher educational institutions. Magnitogorsk: MAGU, 2006 .-- p. 6.

The weakness of science is manifested in the fact that:

Science is incapable of answering the life-meaning questions that worry a person (why live, what path of life to choose, is there a God, is the soul immortal, which social order is more just, etc.);

Science cannot explain many simple facts (bright color in deep-sea fish living in eternal darkness; moths flying into bright light and dying in fire; Darwinism cannot explain some of the morphological features of a person - thin vulnerable skin, large head of the fetus before childbirth, the absence of hair and prominent fangs - why did these signs disappear, were they harmful for survival in primitive conditions? tungsten spirals found in the north in Komi at the end of the 80s);

Science is unable to foresee and predict many events (heatwave in central Russia in summer 2010, earthquake and tsunami in Japan on March 11, 2011, revolutions in Egypt, Tunisia, Libya, Syria in 2011 - and these are just recent global events of the last two years!) ;

Science is incapable of solving many problems (only medicine has not solved the problems of combating cancer, AIDS, hepatitis C and other diseases such as Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, etc.)

Negative consequences of the development of science:

Using science for unseemly, inhuman purposes (creating deadly weapons, brainwashing, manipulating public opinion);

Negative consequences of scientific and technological revolution (pollution and destruction of nature, GMOs, weakening of immunity, acceleration of the pace of life as a result of which stress and disease)

The complexity and confusion (and sometimes boring) of science manifests itself primarily in such disciplines as mathematics, physics, chemistry, so that today a nuclear physicist does not understand the work of his colleagues specializing in thermodynamics, optics or mechanics. Grigory Perelman, a Russian mathematician, solved one of the most difficult mathematical problems - he proved Poincaré's conjecture - and the correctness of his proof was checked by mathematicians all over the world for three years !!!

2. Another source of the vitality of parascience is psychological characteristics of people:

love for the mysterious, unusual, miraculous;

the desire to foresee your fate, the fate of loved ones, country, world;

the desire to change your life for the better quickly and effortlessly, using magical (irrational) means;

lack of love, attention, understanding (the film "Sect");

the need for support, support in uncertain life situations associated with the need for existential choice, making fateful decisions;

finally, people often turn to parascience out of despair when official science cannot help them (a fatal disease - the case of Paul Feyerabend; turning to psychics to find missing relatives).

3. Social reasons popularity of parascience:

The media uses people's interest in the mystical and strives to make money on it;

the government seeks to distract people from pressing social problems and therefore contributes (or simply does not prevent) the flourishing of parasciences, which give people an illusory hope for a miracle;

the desire of healers, psychics, etc. to fame and enrichment;

expansion of democracy, pluralism of opinions contributes to the free functioning of information, the emergence of more and more parascientific ideas and concepts.

CONCLUSION

(duration - 5 minutes)

In conclusion, it should be noted that the unscientific nature of the indicated directions does not mean that they are untrue. Science is not the only way to reach truth. Let us recall that many Russian philosophies (I.V.Kireevsky, V.S.Soloviev) emphasized that integral and complete truth cannot be achieved by one science, but only on the basis of an equal union of science, religion, philosophy, art and mystical experience. The practical successes of individual parasciences, for example, Chinese medicine in the treatment of various diseases (the case of P. Feyerabend) or Orthodox psychotherapy (treatment of drug addicts according to the “12 steps” program), cast doubt on the validity of science's claims to the sole possession of the truth.

Thus, modern epistemology recognizes the right to existence of various forms of extra-scientific knowledge, recognizes their relationship with science and the possibility of obtaining valid, useful, reliable knowledge by them. Removal of the antagonism between scientific and non-scientific knowledge, the establishment of a "pluralistic system of knowledge", in which various forms of understanding the world are recognized as equal partners, means the expansion of the criteria of rationality. In this case, we are talking about the formation of a new, "softer" image of scientific rationality, called post-nonclassical.

LITERATURE

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1 But in reality there may be prototypes, analogs of such objects. For example, rarefied real gases at temperatures far from their condensation temperature are close to an ideal gas.

2 “For example, the principles: the world consists of indivisible corpuscles; their interaction is carried out as an instantaneous transfer of forces in a straight line; corpuscles and bodies formed from them move in absolute space with the course of absolute time - they describe the picture of the physical world that took shape in the second half of the 17th century. and later called the mechanical picture of the world "// V.S. Stepin, V.G. Gorokhov, M.A. Rozov /. - M .: Contact-Alpha, 1995, p. 219-220. Hence it is clear that both special and general scientific pictures of the world are historically changeable.

3 Tsitsin A.F. Astronomical picture of the world: new aspects // Astronomy and modern picture of the world. - M .: IFRAN, 1996, p. 3-6.

4 The importance of science for society is determined in many areas, in particular, science contributes to economic and technical progress, ensures the country's defense capability, participates in the socialization of individuals, in their upbringing and education, etc.

5 The pluralism of philosophical doctrines is inevitable not because of the inferiority or superiority of philosophy, but is rooted in the peculiarities of philosophical knowledge, which always seeks to “look beyond the horizon,” that is, to answer those questions that science either cannot solve at all, or cannot give a clear and unambiguous answer to them. Therefore, many problems that were initially within the competence of philosophy, having received a generally accepted scientific solution, cease to interest philosophers (for example, the problem of the beginning, which occupied the minds of ancient Greek natural philosophers, or the problem of primary and secondary qualities, which was the focus of European epistemology of the 17-18 centuries).

6 On the role of intuition, figurative thinking in scientific creativity, see: A.V. Yurevich. Psychological mechanisms of scientific thinking // in the book: Facets of scientific creativity. - M .: IFRAN, 1999, p. 79-113.

7 Nevertheless, some outstanding scientists, who did not possess a penchant for abstract logical thinking, made scientific discoveries thanks to the developed imaginative thinking. For example, Michael Faraday (1791 - 1867), who laid the general foundations of the doctrine of electromagnetism, did not like mathematics and studied the laws of electricity on visual models, in which he identified the propagation of electricity with the movement of waves on a water surface.

8Criterion(from the Greek. kriterion - means for judgment) - a sign on the basis of which an assessment, determination or classification of something is made; yardstick of assessment.

9 Ilyin V.V. Criteria for the scientific character of knowledge. - M .: Higher. school, 1989, p. 37.

10 Since it is not the hypotheses or theories themselves that are subjected to empirical testing, but only their consequences, insofar as, according to the laws of logic, the refutation of the corollary is equivalent to the refutation of the hypothesis (the logical rule modus tollens), while the validity of the hypothesis does not follow from the confirmation of the corollary. Accordingly, a falsifying rather than a verifying strategy for testing hypotheses is more informative and adequate. However, as noted by A.V. Yurevich, both in science in general, and in psychology, in particular, a verification strategy is used much more often: positive (confirming) information looks more convincing, therefore in science it is given a clear preference, for example, by the editorial board scientific journals publish mainly articles that consider confirmed hypotheses; it is practically impossible to defend a thesis if all the preliminary hypotheses put forward have not been confirmed. / Yurevich A.V. Psychological mechanisms of scientific thinking // in the book: Facets of scientific creativity. - M .: IFRAN, 1999, p. 100.

11 If verification and falsification demonstrate the conformity of knowledge and reality , then the criterion of practical significance indicates the correspondence between knowledge and human activities ... By the way, it is this criterion that is, in our opinion, the main one in assessing psychological theories, concepts, hypotheses.

12 Ilyin V.V. Criteria for the scientific character of knowledge. - M .: Higher. school, 1989, p. 68.

13Heuristic(from the Greek. heurisko - looking for, discovering) - the theory's ability to expand the intellectual horizon, to initiate the formulation of new problems. For example, psychoanalysis should be recognized as the most heuristic psychological theory, since it contributed to the emergence of a good half of the directions of modern personality psychology and psychotherapy, had a tremendous impact on the understanding of human nature and the social life of civilized countries. And although today psychoanalysis is subjected to large-scale criticism for its weak empirical validity, mechanistic and mythological nature, exaggeration of the significance of the sexual sphere, a low degree of effectiveness of therapy, it, largely due to the not yet fully realized heuristic potential, remains one of the fundamental personalistic concepts.

14Coherence(from lat. cohaerens - being in communication) - consistency, coherence of knowledge produced in science with those research results that are regarded as fundamental and unproblematic. Intradisciplinary and intrascientific coherence are divided, in the latter case we are talking about the correspondence of the acquired new knowledge to the general scientific picture of the world (NKM), for example, the presumption of naturalness, the principle of causality, the law of conservation of energy, etc.

15In fact, the criterion of falsifiability does not always work even in natural science: an observation that is at variance with the generally accepted theory is more likely to be explained with the help of additional hypotheses than to become an actual falsifier of the basic theory. Therefore, as P. Feyerabend notes, “at least one more theory is needed to refute a certain theory” // Feyerabend P. Selected works on the methodology of science. - M., 1986, p. 34.

In a constantly changing social world, where future development is fraught with unexplored and unpredictable options, the falsifiability criterion, in our opinion, is not applicable. In social and humanitarian knowledge, the pluralism of theories and interpretations is inevitable, it is produced as a norm, while in classical natural science, pluralism is a sign of the inadequacy of at least one of the competing hypotheses. Humanities deals not with the silent-material natural world, but with the meanings and values ​​hidden in human consciousness and accumulated in culture. But the latter are not given as something stable and unchanging, but, entering into dialogical communication with new cultures and researchers, they are constantly developing, renewing and transforming. That's why the criterion of falsifiability loses all meaning in the humanities... In our opinion, the criterion of falsifiability should be replaced in the humanities with a softer requirement criticality, according to which the ability of a theory to change, susceptibility to criticism testify in favor of its scientific nature.

16 Lakatos I. History of science and its rational reconstruction // in the book: Kuhn T. The structure of scientific revolutions. - M .: OOO "AST Publishing House", 2002, p. 524.

17 Philosophy of Science and Technology. Study guide / V.S. Stepin, V.G. Gorokhov, M.A. Rozov /. - M .: Contact-Alpha, 1995, p. 213.

18 For example, mathematics lacks the ideal of experimental verification of theory, which is obligatory for experimental sciences; in physics there are special standards for substantiating its developed mathematized theories, expressed in the principles of observability, correspondence, invariance, but for psychological theories these principles are redundant; modern biology cannot do without the idea of ​​evolution and the methods of historicism based on it; for physics, however, it does not yet resort to these methods.

19 For example, in medieval science to describe a thing or phenomenon meant not only to fix its natural signs, but also to discover hidden from direct observation "Sign-symbolic" aspect of her being, i.e. to understand the connection of a thing with the Creator, to reveal the sacred meaning of its existence. In depth psychology, K.-G. Jung, a return to such an understanding of the world is obvious: here many psychic images are considered as ambiguous symbols, and events occurring with a person are interpreted as signs of fate.

20General validity means recognition as scientific, i.e. adequate, correct, noteworthy research results from the scientific community, whose opinion is expressed by scientific teams (departments, laboratories, scientists and dissertation councils), reputable scientists. As B.G. Yudin, a kind of "currency unit" that measures the recognition of a scientist's contribution to science, is the number of citations (mentions) of a scientist's name or works by his colleagues: the more often a scientist is quoted (mentioned), the higher his rating, the more significant his contribution to science. / Philosophy and methodology of science / Uch. manual in 2 parts, ed. Kuptsova V.I. /. - M .: SvR-Argus, 1994. Part II, p. 104.

21 Zimbardo F., Leippe M. Social impact. - SPb .: Publishing house "Peter", 2000, p.

22 As A.K. Sukhotin, “the key to delimiting“ scientifically - pseudoscientific ”is not in the paragraphs of the theory of knowledge and not in the possessors of common sense, etc., but in a completely different sphere - in the sphere of moral and ethical ... A false scientist is the one who takes the dishonest path of distortion facts, falsifications, who becomes a participant or an accomplice of deception. It is not a mistake that leads a researcher into the shaky domain of pseudoscience, but a reluctance to admit a mistake, listen to a dissenting speech, put the obtained result to the test ... The pseudoscientist is driven not by the desire for truth, but by longing for fame, indifference to the despicable metal, to cozy places in the corridors of the scientific hierarchy " // Sukhotin A.K. The vicissitudes of scientific ideas. - M .: Nauka, 1991, p. 193-195.

23 In November 1993, the author attended a public performance by the “sorcerer” Ivan Ognev at the Palace of Culture in Salavat (Bashkiria). After several "miraculous healings", the "sorcerer" began to distribute monstrous recipes, for example, to change the size of the breasts, he recommended that women rub oak bark, while rubbing clockwise leads to breast enlargement, and counterclockwise - to its reduction; for men to increase the size of the genital organ, the "sorcerer" recommended alcohol tincture on 50 peas of black pepper, while emphasizing that if there are 49 or 51 peppercorns, the tincture will lose all effectiveness.

24 Several years ago, the author was present at a sermon in one of the Orthodox churches, where the priest seriously convinced the flock of the existence under the land of Hell, referring to the fact that “somewhere in Bashkiria, an eleven-kilometer well was drilled, and the cries of sinners were heard from it, tormented in Hell. "

25 Fragments of the early Greek philosophers. Part 1. - M .: Nauka, 1989, p. 114.

28 V.I. Tatus Spiritual-energy field, or to the question of the genesis of the Universe // http: //filosofia.ru/70589/

The life cycle of information. Information sphere

Information can exist for a short time (for example, in the calculator's memory in the course of calculations performed on it), for some time (for example, when preparing a certificate) or for a very long time (for example, when storing important personal, commercial, public or government data) ... These periods of time determine the life cycle of information, which consists of the following stages: appearance, existence and disappearance (“death”).

Since information has a price and is a commodity, it is often perceived as a service, product or product. Here, we note that the life cycle of a product affects two of its main states.

The first state is associated with the processes of its production, carried out from the moment of preparation of the project to the release of a specific product. It is based on the concept of Product Lifecycle Management (PLM), which combines existing developments into a single integrated solution. It affects the design, technological, production stages, the completion of which is the commercial stage. This solution includes: 1) an engineering data management system (eng. "Product Data Management", PDM), which connects all components and provides interaction with systems designed for enterprise resource management (ERP), customer relationship (CRM), and suppliers (SCM). This concept extends to both discrete and process industries. Implementation of PDM systems contributes to increased efficiency in product development, reduced costs and time for design, improved quality and cost of products, reduced errors and easier accounting for customer requirements. However, enterprises have to deal with technological, financial, organizational and psychological problems. At the same time, the largest of them is the problem of internal disorganization at the enterprise, when there is no common ideology, and various structures are trying to solve their local problems, as a rule, with cheap software and hardware.

The second state determines the period of the product's existence from the moment of its release, operation, when the product becomes a product or service, and until the end of use (disposal). The life cycle of products and services is covered in the fourth lesson.

The life cycle is characteristic of most living and inanimate objects, for example, humans, animals or plants. In information technology, in this case, they talk about the life cycle of technical means, computer programs, a website or portal, a communication line connecting, for example, an Internet service provider and its user.

The development of information technologies is carried out at the expense of scientific and technical progress (STP), which contributes to the creation of new means of production, the improvement of various service services, etc. As a result, huge arrays (volumes) of information disseminated in society are created, which form the information environment (sphere).

Under information sphere means any activity aimed at:

• 1) creation and dissemination of information;
• 2) formation of information resources, preparation and provision of information products and services;
• 3) consumption of information.

The negative consequences of the introduction of information technology

Along with the “digital divide” and “virtual barrier”, changes in the information technology of the work performed can often have a negative impact on people (information noise, etc.) participating in these processes, causing them various negative reactions (information, psychological barriers, etc. .).

Information noise means that there are extraneous signals (noise) in the total amount of useful data received. In the IPS, it indicates that as a result of a search by request, the user received information that does not correspond to his request (irrelevant).

The information barrier is one of the factors that impede the obtaining of the necessary information, making it difficult to use documents as sources of information. To a large extent, it is caused by the laws of the development of information flows: the constant growth of the number of publications, their scattering in various publications, the aging of publications and, conversely, their actualization. The information barrier affects both the stratification of information and society. Its appearance and deepening is facilitated by such phenomena as information noise, psychological barrier, etc.

A psychological barrier usually arises as a defensive reaction of a person to attempts to change the established sequence of his actions. It is associated with the need to perform new complex types of work, with overloads that appear when searching for data, choosing them in a large array of information received and studying selected materials, sometimes comprising several hundred or even thousands of documents.