Ministry of Education of the Moscow Region

State budgetary professional educational institution

Moscow region "Sergiev Posad Agrarian College"
(GBPOU MO "Sergiev Posad Agrarian College" )

Compiled by E.N. Kopylova

Conferences: types, forms and rules of participation.

The first documented conference is dated 416 BC. It was a feast for the friends of the Athenian tragedian Agathon, at which each of those present recited a monologue about the god of love Eros. The ancient conferences were usually attended by noble townspeople.

The conference - a form of organization of scientific activity, in which researchers present and discuss their work. Conferences have a number of advantages over traditional seminars and trainings. The most important of which is that the presentation of the participants on similar topics allows us to consider the issue from several angles, the one-sidedness inherent in teaching with one teacher disappears. Conferences allow you to hear about different approaches to solving the same problem.

Conferences, depending on the criterion, are divided into severalspecies .

Depending on the direction:

Scientific-theoretical conference (STC)

STC is a conference that discusses theoretical approaches to solving various scientific problems and issues that constantly arise in the course of research or experiments.

1. Scientific and Practical Conference (NPK)

NPK is a conference at which the exchange of experience and knowledge on various practical and applied problems is carried out.

2. Scientific and technical conference (NTekhK)

Scientific and theoretical ... Discussion of new developments, research, discoveries, study of statistics, etc.

NTekhK is a conference where the exchange of experience and knowledge on various technical and technological issues is carried out.

However, recently they began to distinguish the 4th type - a business conference. BC - conferences at which business problems are discussed, features of current legislation, government policy in relation to certain industries, etc.

Types of conferences

· Scientific conferences

Echo conferencing

Web conferencing

Video conferencing

Conference call

Business conferences

Press conferences

Scientific conferences (eng.Academic conference ) - a form of organization of scientific activity, in which scientists (less often students) gather to discuss issues on a specific topic. According to its status, the conference occupies an intermediate position between the seminar and the congress.

Types of scientific conferences:

Scientific and theoretical conference

Scientific and technical conference

Echo conferences (echoes) - a form of public communication of people on the FidoNet network. FidoNet is a non-profit amateur network, for the most part a self-governing community in which coordination of actions and resolution of conflicts is carried out by elected and / or appointed coordinators in accordance with the FidoNet Policy and other documents (in this paper, the structures of coordinators are considered by the author only in connection with their relationship with moderators eh).
Echoes are publicly available streams of letters of a certain subject, transmitted from system to system.

Web conferencing (eng.Web conferencing ) - technologies and tools for online meetings and real-time collaboration over the Internet. Web conferencing allows you to conduct online presentations, collaborate with documents and applications, synchronously view sites, videos and images. Moreover, each participant is at his workplace at the computer.

Web conferencing, which supposes "one-way" broadcasting of the speaker and minimal feedback from the audience, are called Webinars.

Video conferencing (eng.videoconference ) is an area of ​​information technology that simultaneously provides two-way transmission, processing, transformation and presentation of interactive information over a distance in real mode time using hardware and software computing technology.

A video conferencing interaction is also called a video conferencing session.

Video conferencing is a telecommunication technology of interactive interaction of two or more remote subscribers, in which it is possible between them to exchange audio and video information in real time, taking into account the transfer of control data.

Videoconference is used as a means of prompt decision-making in a given situation; in emergency situations; to reduce travel expenses in geographically distributed organizations; increasing efficiency; conducting trials with remote participation of convicts, as well as one of the elements of telemedicine technologies and distance learning

Depending on the covered area:

1. Local (school, faculty, intra-university, inter-university)

2. Regional, oblast

3. All-Russian

4. All-Russian with international participation

5. International

By topic of the conference are divided:

1. Highly specialized, i.e. dedicated to any particular topic:

Social and human sciences (journalism, history, pedagogy, sociology, economics, management, etc.);

Technical sciences(biotechnology, mechanical engineering, nanotechnology, telecommunications, electrical engineering, etc.);

Natural sciences (archeology, chemistry, geology, biology, mathematics, pharmacology, etc.).

2. Conferences with broad topics covering general scientific issues (for example, “Science in modern world"," Modern problems of the humanities and natural sciences ")

There are severalforms conferences:

1. Full-time (the participant comes to the conference itself and is directly involved)

2. Correspondence (the participant sends his abstracts and an application to the mail of the conference organizing committee, the conference is held without his direct participation)

3. Internet-conferences (the conference is held on the website of the conference or organization, most often on the forum, in the form of a collective discussion)

The conference is held in severalstages :

1. Planning.

The form of the conference is thought over and its name is determined. The conference can be dedicated to some anniversary event (one-time conferences) or be held at regular intervals (for example, annual), which allows specialists to maintain and expand contacts with different groups of researchers, keep abreast of modern developments and get the information they need faster.

2. 1st organizational stage.

Working groups, organizing committee are appointed and distributed, the chairman and co-chairman of the conference organizing committee are determined. The topics, sectors of the conference, etc. are clearly defined.

3. Information stage.

Most often, conferences are announced in an information letter (so-called circular) or on a poster. Usually an informational message is one sheet, often folded in two or three times, the format of which can vary widely. No matter how the informational message looks, it must contain:

Conference name and logo, date and venue;

Organizers of the conference, thematic areas, contact phone and fax numbers, addresses (postal and electronic) and the address of the conference website, where more detailed information is available;

Information about where and how you can register for participation in the conference, as well as what and in what time frame you need to submit;

The working language of the conference, as well as information about where and how the conference materials will be published.

4. 2nd organizational stage.

Applications, abstracts and registration fees are received from future conference participants, questions are asked, problems arise, a wide range of tasks is unfolding that must be solved by the beginning of the conference. Participants are selected from among the people who have applied. Most often, at this stage, a 2nd newsletter is sent to the selected participants.

5. The conference itself.

At this stage, the participants are checked in, the opening of the conference (often accompanied by a small concert), listening to reports, viewing poster presentations. During the conference, various excursions to research institutes, universities, museums, enterprises, and sightseeing tours of the city are usually arranged. If the conference lasts several days, then, most likely, one of the days is devoted to scientific or popular science lectures for the participants. Coffee breaks for 15-20 minutes are arranged between long talks. After the conference, the jury discusses the works presented at it and awards places to the best speakers. The winners (and often all the participants) are awarded. Most often, collections of works are presented at the award ceremony, in which there are abstracts sent by the participant. After the conference, there is almost always a buffet or banquet with all the participants and the organizing committee.

The rules for participation in the conference are determined by the organizing committee of this conference and are stipulated in the information letter. Therefore, there are no specific strict rules. Most often, depending on the type of conference, a schoolchild or student, as well as a young scientist under the age of 35, can become a participant. The participant must fill out an application for participation in the form that is attached in the information letter or on the conference website. After that, the participant must write and send the abstracts of his work (a brief description of the work done) to the e-mail of the conference or the organization that conducts it. Strict rules are usually prescribed for writing abstracts, this is necessary so that there are no problems when printing a collection of abstracts. If the conference is international or all-Russian with international participation, then they usually ask to send, in addition to the Russian version of the abstracts, an English abbreviated version. After the abstracts have been sent, it remains only to wait for a response from the organizing committee. In case of a positive answer, the participant has the right to ask to send him an invitation letter in order to receive money for the trip from the sending party (school, university). The invitation letter must contain the full name of the person. of the participant, the name of the conference, the date and place of its holding, the name of the participant's work, contacts of the organizing committee (secretary) and the signature of the person in charge.

What is a student conference?

This view the conference is part of the research activities of students, which is a combination of work with teachers, a joint study of processes and phenomena associated with obtaining new, deeper knowledge, their full systematization.An educational conference is a form of control and assessment of students' research work.

A student conference is always very good. Todayday, such events contribute to the active progress of students, their active work, which gives significant motivation. Almost every state is interested in the fact that their modern higher educational institutions are exclusively specialists who will become a kind of "foundation", "soil" for the further development of the country, progress, its entry into a new economic, respectively, social level.

This organizational form of training provides pedagogical interaction between the teacher and students with a maximum of independence, activity, and initiative of the latter. The conference, as a rule, is held with several study groups and is a special training structure aimed at expanding, consolidating and improving knowledge. Usually conferences are rarely used in the educational process, but one should remember about the great educational opportunities of this form of education. It provides ample opportunities for students to express themselves. Through the communication system and the organization of collective cognitive activity, personality attitudes are formed, its positions, beliefs, professional thinking are polished

What is the purpose of each conference?

demonstration of professionalism, achievements of the educational institution in certain issues;

the formation of students' interest in various technical, scientific creativity;

exchange of experience, information, achievements;

progress in the field of professional training of students;

stimulating students to work actively in their field.

What can be said about the organization of a scientific student conference?

What questions can be considered?

Absolutely every higher educational institution has the opportunity to hold an event of this level.

Topical issues:

economic;

political;

social.

During the conference main task is the solution actual problem affected by humanity.

The bottom line is this: to help a person, to increase the level of comfort in any kind of activity. The conference touches upon global issues, which cannot be resolved without a "sharp" mind and understanding of the topic.

During the event, each student is obliged to provide his own solution to the problem through the professional knowledge that he has at the time of the conference.

In the process, each participant is obliged to submit a report, the minimum version of which is 3 sheets of A4 format. The duration of the performance should be 10-15 minutes (no more).

During the presentation, the audience has the full right to enter into a dialogue with the speaker, asking questions of any type and level (only after the presentation). Each report must necessarily touch on a "narrow" topic related to the solution of a pressing issue.

Organization of students' independent work

During the preparation and in the process of holding the conference, the emphasis is placed on the all-round development of students' independence, preparing them for self-education. This is achieved by the double purposefulness of the educational and cognitive activity of students:

a) independent acquisition of new knowledge from different sources;

b) the independent application of already existing knowledge in the new conditions of educational activity.

The main thing in the conference is a free, frank discussion of problematic issues. The conference in its features is close to the seminar and is its development, therefore the methodology of holding the conference is similar to the methodology of conducting seminars. The requirements for the preparation of abstracts and reports for the conference are much higher than for seminars, since they are used as a means of forming students' experience of creative activity and provide for the increase in difficulties in the very content of assignments.

Training conferences in the college are also held in connection with the organization of industrial practice. For example, in order to organize direct preparation for it, the purpose of the introductory training conference is to give moral charge to students, to mobilize them for active industrial and social work. Students are introduced to the tasks, content and organization of practice. Particular attention is paid to the difficulties that may arise during practice.

At the final conference, the results of the practice are summed up, the educational and pedagogical work of students is analyzed, and the best experience is characterized. In their speeches, students must show deep knowledge of theory and practice, readiness for solving production problems, the ability to think professionally, independently evaluate facts and phenomena.

The conference is often combined with other forms additional education, which makes it possible to increase the effectiveness of classes that require the use of different teaching methods:

conference-lecture (conducted in the form of a scientific and practical lesson containing the defense of reports, speeches with abstracts; mandatory stages - summing up, clarifying information, questions from the audience);

conference-seminar (combines the features of both forms: discussion of the problem / question posed and a practical component);

conference-master class (in the process they use different methods and forms of teaching: lecture, training, master class). Thanks to this format of classes, students receive new knowledge, the opportunity for professional development, analysis of experience in a particular field, practical training of skills, and the realization of creative potential. Topics can be very different, for example: "Topical issues of psychological health of modern society", "PR on the Internet."

CONFERENCE IN THE CONTEXT OF FURTHER EDUCATION

Teleconference is one of the most effective forms of distance learning. They organize it, as a rule, through a newsletter and e-mail messages. Educational teleconferencing implements the same pedagogical tasks as a classic format lesson.

Participation in conferences allows students to develop personal and professional qualities, which will be useful in the future. Some employers value such experience as attending conferences, as they consider this experience useful and necessary for the formation of professionalism. Thus, conferences will help not only to get acquainted with other people's discoveries, but also to come to their own discoveries, to make sure that they are correct.

In the case of scientific and practical conferences, research work serves as preparation.As a rule, it attracts curious, searching people. Even Aristotle noted that a thirst for knowledge is inherent in man.

In turn, the research work itself provides deeper knowledge within the topic of the required research and awakens an even greater interest in knowledge. In addition to perfect discoveries for himself personally, in the process of working on a certain problem, the student can get some practical results, and even inventions.

There are four positive aspects the influence of research work on the professional development of a student:

Increasing interest in the subject of research;

Improving student achievement;

Confident defense of term (diploma) work;

Career of a specialist already graduated from an educational institution.

An increase in student achievement is a consequence of an increase in interest in the subject of research. It is possible to show each teacher using his own practical examples that a student working on abstracts and speaking on them with reports has grades in the discipline, as a rule, a point higher than the rest.

It can be concluded that the participation of students in student scientific and practical conferences is an integral part of advanced training of future specialists, raises their academic performance, leads to brilliant defense of theses and creates conditions for future career growth.

A press conference is a special event designed to provide direct verbal contact of a PR object with media representatives. The essence and purpose of the press conference is to convey to journalists the necessary information on a certain informational occasion, to report important news, as well as a conversation and answers to questions of interest.

Preparation Press conference.

• 1. Creative (conceptual) part of the press conference. At this stage, the emphasis is placed on the uniqueness of the conference: the main "chips", the original design of the hall, souvenirs for journalists, etc. are invented. in the style of a press conference. In other words, the whole concept of the event is being formed. When developing unique press conference chips, the recommendations / wishes of those responsible for the television media must be taken into account: so that the picture for TV cameras looks good and understandable. Recommended time: at least 2 weeks before the event!
• 2. Preparation of the main documents for the press conference:
  • ? Scenario (where the main ideas will be spelled out). Timing (it reflects the approximate time of each point in the scenario),
  • ? Press release of the action and announcement of a press conference. Recommended time: at least 2 weeks before the event!
  • ? Speech of the presenter and speakers of the press conference (if they are known) At least 6 questions in order to outline the main points of the positioning of the PR object (questions before the press conference are distributed among "friends" and are asked first, immediately after the script of the press conference go to questions). Recommended time: at least 1 week before the event!
• 3. Announcements. In your corporate mailing list before the press conference, at least 2 announcements of the upcoming event should be published, which reveal the uniqueness and interesting details, indicate the speakers (if known), indicate the place and time of the press conference, give the contacts of the press manager dealing with accreditation ... Also, detailed announcements in the press with the correct positioning will ensure the arrival of journalists at your press conference. Recommended time: at least 3 weeks before the event.
• 4. Technical equipment. An obligatory part of this stage is to inspect the site and check the local technical support and the functioning of the equipment necessary for a high-quality press conference (light, sound, the required number of microphones and their operation, screens, a sufficient number of chairs, a room / space for exclusive interviews, working sockets, traffic routes, the location of VIP and press zones , security, etc.). Recommended period: at least 1 week in advance, in 1 day - control check. In the absence of the required equipment at the site, within a week you will have time to order everything elsewhere. At this point (for some reason it turns out that way), you should also remember about the organization of the buffet table.
• 5. Accreditation. Inviting journalists to a press conference starts with phone call, only after that written information is sent. When journalists are invited, an announcement, press release and photos of the PR-object are sent. There should also be attached detailed information how to get to the press conference site, and a road map with a parking space. Recommended term: no later than 5 days. Making a structured list of accredited media (Excel table: last name, first name, edition, contacts) will help you a lot. The list should be made alphabetically (sorted by last name or edition). It should include a separate column, which reflects agreements on publications in the press (announcements, post facto, etc.). Recommended term: no later than 1 day in advance.

At this stage, it is also necessary to remember about the preparation of the press package. He (preferably decorated in separate folder) should contain the following materials (may vary depending on the situation):

• ? the text of the announcement that was sent (preferably),
• ? press release on the topic of the press conference,
• ? an announcement of an upcoming event (if a press conference is held on the eve of it),
• ? figures and facts (if necessary),
• ? list of speakers with brief information about each,
• ? additional information materials (photo / audio / video),
• ? press manager's business card (press releases can be thrown away, but business cards, as a rule, keep everything),
• ? press conference program,
• ? pen, notebook, souvenirs.
• 6. Distribution of functions. On the day before the conference, the responsible press manager holds a general meeting with all conference participants from the organizers. At the meeting, the script for the press conference, the dress code are discussed, the responsibilities of each employee working at the event are distributed, and the time of arrival at the conference venue. A person is also appointed here who is responsible for working with microphones. He is given clear instructions on how and what to do (ask which edition and which question, etc.). A person is also appointed to control the location of the photographers (they must be at least 2 meters away from the speakers). The list of exclusive interviews must be on hand long before the start of the conference, the most important thing is that "exclusives" must be clearly distributed in time! Those in charge should include people who will be responsible for accessing various areas, including dressing rooms. You should not forget about such trifles as plates for speakers with names and titles, badges. Recommended term: 1 day in advance.
• 7. Conducting preliminary media trainings with the participants of the press conference. They work out a press release, positioning, the ability to speak and answer questions. Recommended deadline: at least from the moment of signing the press release.
• 8. Rehearsal for the press conference. All event participants (management, speakers, responsible press manager, technical people, etc.) must have an up-to-date press conference plan during the rehearsal. As a rule, such "trial activities" allow you to find weaknesses in the organization, after which you can work out and fix everything. Recommended time: 1.5-2 hours before the start of the press conference.

Holding a Press Conference

• 1. At the entrance (during accreditation), at least 2 people must stand and mark in the lists of those who have come, ask for contact and issue press packs.
• 2. An employee with a working dictaphone must be present at the press conference. During exclusive interviews, he should be close to the interviewee. If there are several participants who are being interviewed at the same time, an employee with a dictaphone should be with each one.
• 3. Before the start of the press conference (or for accreditation), it is necessary to clearly explain to the journalists the procedure for holding the conference (when you can take "exclusives", take pictures, etc.).
• 4. Working with microphones. Before you give the microphone to a person who wants to ask a question, you need to find out from him what kind of publication he represents, and what question he is going to ask.

Summing up Press conference

• ? After the end of the press conference, it is necessary to analyze the successes and mistakes made during its holding.
• ? Post-facto preparation. It is necessary not to forget about this important PR point.
• ? Post-factum placement and press clipping following the press conference.
• ? Correction of project documentation (press releases, positioning) in accordance with the past event.

An ideal press conference should "manifest" the fulfillment of the following tasks:

• ? maximum number of expanded (!) announcements with correct positioning,
• ? creation and implementation of a memorable "feature" (uniqueness!),
• ? press conference speakers impeccably prepared with the help of previous media trainings (at least knowledge of press release and positioning),
• ? coverage of the results of the press conference in the media in accordance with the development of positioning.

Types of press conferences:

• 1. OPERATIONAL press conferences are held in a hurry, at the scene of the event (incident), following the summing up of the voting results, the end of negotiations, etc.
• 2. REGULAR press conferences are organized at a pre-announced time in specially adapted rooms. The press conference is conducted by a press secretary (or an employee of the press center or PR agency responsible for this event).
• 3. BRIEFING - A short briefing meeting of journalists with representatives of an official structure (government agency) is usually called a briefing. The main goals of the briefing are related to meeting the information needs of the audience by communicating information, facts on behalf of the official authorities and senior management. At the same time, the different approaches of the participants in the events to the assessment of the same issue are clearly compared, an official point of view is declared, and the developed position is briefly motivated.

Working with journalists at the Press Conference.

A press conference is an event for journalists, timed to coincide with a specific informational occasion. Almost any event can become such a reason: a visit of a well-known politician, the launch of a new branded train, the completion of a tour of the theater, the publication of the results of a high-profile investigation. Typically, a press conference is announced to journalists by representatives of the press service of the press conference organizer. They either call the editorial office or send a so-called press release. This is a message for journalists, which outlines the reason for collecting the press, as well as the time, place of the event and contact numbers. Typically, this press release is a fairly coherent text. Therefore, some journalists do not go to every press conference in a row, but make information materials based on information from a press release.

However, this is permissible if you work, for example, in a daily newspaper, when you are constantly under pressure and when the news "pulls" only for an informational note. In this case, it is quite possible to use the data from the press release, transferring the information in your own words and making a call to the press service if you have any questions. But this way of working should be the exception rather than the rule. In the journalistic environment, a colleague who does not want to "bother" is ironically said that he "rewrites press releases."

Before the press conference, the names of the visiting journalists are put on a certain list. This is necessary in order for the press secretary to subsequently be able to carry out the so-called monitoring of the press, or, more simply, to track who and what wrote about their news. Sometimes, based on the results of what is written in the press service, lists of “good” and “bad” journalists are drawn up. The former are invited to further press conferences and other events, the others are ignored or are "educated" with them. How this "work" will be carried out depends on the diplomacy of the press secretary. It can be polite exhortations “do not write like that anymore, otherwise I will have problems with the boss,” and outright abuse, and threats to sue.

First, the journalists are told about the news for which they were all gathered. Typically, this story is an oral transcription of the press release. Then comes the time for questions. Some press conferences require that the journalist, when asking a question, give his name and the publication he represents.

As a rule, a press conference lasts no more than half an hour. However, there are celebrities who love to talk to the press in good spirits, especially if they need to “fill the window”. Nikita Mikhalkov spoke with the journalists very complacently and controversially when he brought his "Siberian Barber". Lyudmila Gurchenko gave an excellent press conference when she came to Nizhny Novgorod for the 40th birthday of Boris Nemtsov. Oleg Tabakov, Valery Zolotukhin would not mind speculating. Such "star" couples as Vishnevskaya - Rostropovich, Plisetskaya - Shchedrin are happy to answer the questions of journalists. But these are, perhaps, pleasant exceptions. Most celebrities do not burn with a special love of the press, they give formal answers, just to fall behind. When the official part of the press conference ends, few people are in a hurry to leave. "Zvezda" is surrounded by a crowd of journalists eager to ask her their "exclusive" question. In order not to hear colleagues, the journalist often goes to a whisper. But the "star" does not know how important confidentiality is to a journalist, and she, to the delight of all other journalists, loudly answers an "interesting" question. And it often happens that “your” question appears in the daily newspaper of your colleague, and you, the employee of the weekly publication, think about what you should base your material on now.

In general, a press conference is not a place to get exclusive information. Such information is obtained only through personal interviews, through third parties, etc.

Press release.

Press releases - press release; an informational message containing news about an organization (possibly a private person) that issued a press release, a statement of its position on any issue and submitted for publication in the media.

As a rule, it contains the official position of the organization in the form of a reaction to this or that informational occasion. Official government agencies sometimes issue press releases in the form of “answers to questions”. The first press release in history was issued on October 30, 1906 by the "father" of modern PR, Ivy Lee, and is associated with a rather tragic incident on the Pennsylvania Railroad. any organization. A press release allows an organization to inform the media about important events that have occurred in the organization and are interesting or necessary for their coverage to the general public and / or a specific target audience... Press releases are distributed to journalists at briefings and press conferences, or sent out via communications. A press release should not contain estimates or advertising information, it should be small in volume (no more than two pages) and contain information about only one single news. The information in the press release must meet the requirements of the publication to which the press release was sent.

Press releases come in several flavors.

• 1. Press release announcement - the information in such a press release informs about an event that is just about to happen. Such a press release sent out in time will ensure the presence of the press at the event. In addition to stating the essence of the upcoming event in this press release, you can give an appropriate background for this event, which will help to interest the press.
• 2. Press release news (news release) - carries information about an event that has already taken place. Here you can also add brief comments from actors or stakeholders.
• 3. Informational press release - informs about the current, not yet completed event. This press release provides only an account of current changes or a new turn of events, assuming that the essence of this event is already known.

The most common method of writing a press release is to link the news to a specific date, including one that does not really exist. This can be the company's birthday, the 100th customer's day, the company's 100-day existence day, etc.

Scientific Conference

Scientific Conference(eng. Academic conference) is a form of organization of scientific activity, in which researchers (not necessarily scientists or students) present and discuss their work. Usually, the topic, time and place of the conference is announced in advance (in a newsletter or poster). Then the collection of abstracts and sometimes registration fees begins. According to its status, the scientific conference occupies an intermediate position between the seminar and the congress.

Structure of the scientific conference

• Registration of participants with the distribution of the conference program (indicating the order of speeches)
• Opening and plenary session with a speech by the organizers of the conference
• Work in sections or round tables with presentation of reports and subsequent discussion
• Coffee break in the middle of the conference and buffet or banquet at the end
• Cultural programs (excursions) for nonresident guests
• Publication of a collection of scientific papers. The collection is often given to the conference participants upon registration.

Types of scientific conferences

• Scientific and theoretical conference
• Scientific and practical conference
• Scientific and technical conference

see also

Links

• Scientific events of the Russian Academy of Sciences - International, All-Russian and regional scientific and scientific-technical meetings, conferences, symposia, congresses, seminars and schools in the field of natural and social sciences.
• Open catalog of scientific conferences, exhibitions and seminars.

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See what "Scientific conference" is in other dictionaries:

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Books

• Russia and the Turkic world. Oriental and African Studies at the Universities of St. Petersburg, Russia and Europe. II International Scientific Conference,. The collection includes materials pth International conference "Russia and the Turkic world", which took place in St. Petersburg in the Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences on April 5-7, 2006 The conference was timed to ...
• , Khaytun SD. Proceedings of the Annual (2013) scientific conference of the Institute of the History of Natural Science and Technology named after S. I. Vavilov of the Russian Academy of Sciences, which compiled a collection, summarize the results of the Institute's scientific work in 2012 ...

TYPES OF CONFERENCES
Concept and types of conferences

The conference (Middle-century lat. conferentia - from lat. confero - I collect in one place) - a meeting, a meeting of representatives of any organizations, groups, states, as well as individuals, scientists to discuss certain issues.

Types of scientific conferences:

Scientific and theoretical conference

Scientific and practical conference

Scientific and technical conference

Conferences are one of those events without which it is difficult to imagine civilized business and science. A conference is a presentation of speakers on a specific topic.

The purpose of the conference is to discuss and solve various problems. In practice, a conference is a meeting or meeting of a production group and can be organized geographically in one or in different places (distributed conference). There is also a popular format for audio or video conferences held at a distance, which can sometimes save a lot of money for organizing an event.

Usually a conference is "tied" to a specific topic. A scientific conference, as a rule, is devoted to a scientific topic, its participants are representatives of science and students.

Main goals business conference - strengthening of business ties, business acquaintances and presentation of new business solutions. Press conferences are aimed at representatives of the press and various communication channels and are dedicated to a specific topic. At press conferences, journalists have the opportunity to ask questions to the guests of the conference. There are also other types of conferences.

Business conferences - this is one of the types of conferences that discuss:

problems affecting representatives of certain industries and areas;

features of the current Legislation and proposals for its improvement;

government policy in relation to certain industries;

practice of the best companies in the industry, etc.

Unlike seminars and trainings, business conferences consider not only well-known, proven results, but also new business proposals and ideas.

the business conference process consists of many little things, none of which can be missed.

Organization and holding of conferences, technical and organizational support of seminars and conferences of varying degrees of complexity:

booking a conference room for an event and hotel rooms for visiting delegates,

decoration of the premises for the event, according to the corporate identity of the organizing company

catering

technical support of the conference

development and implementation of the concept of the event

preparation and printing of press kits

photography and video filming

entertainment

Press conferences are a very effective method of communicating information to the press and other media. Press conferences as a method of communicating with the media (if used wisely) are very positive.

The meeting of journalists with representatives of state institutions, social and political organizations, commercial structures is traditionally called press conferences. This term is also bypassed when the journalistic corps represents television and radio.

Thus, the main purpose of press conferences is the targeted dissemination of information (news, documentation, photographs) among the media outlets. Therefore, in order to convene a press conference, an occasion is needed, an important topic on which journalists may have questions. In no case should you call a press conference just to distribute some document or information, this can be done perfectly well through a press release. This kind of communication accelerates the flow of information to the editorial office, is distinguished by the authority of news sources, the reliability of information. An important advantage of press conferences is that it is always possible to check and clarify versions, obtain additional package news, in addition to those provided (press releases, photographs, texts of speeches and speeches). Well, and the invitation of recognized authorities in their field, personally interested in communicating the most complete information, gives additional opportunity to comment on the information offered.

The preparation of the press conference provides for the coordination of a number of organizational, technical and creative issues.

First of all, it is necessary to determine the day and exact time of the meeting with the journalists, taking into account the existing schedule of publication of most newspapers.

Press conference invitations are sent out by the editorial secretary, usually a week in advance. Most often, invitations are sent by fax. If you need to urgently notify the press about the press conference, you can call the newsroom editors in person. But sometimes they turn to news agencies with a request to announce the time and place of the press conference in the materials that are sent to newspapers via teletype communication channels.

If the invitation contains a request to immediately confirm participation, the organizers will know in advance how many journalists will be present in the hall, for how many persons to prepare a buffet or cocktail (experts note that most often only one third of the invited journalists come to the press conference). By the way, if a buffet or cocktail is planned, it is customary to mention this in the invitation.

The invitation should also clearly state the topic and, if possible, the names of the keynote speakers. It is also advisable to provide some details that could convince the editor of the advisability of covering the event, but do not give too many details, as in this case it may not be necessary to attend the press conference.

If the press conference is of general interest, it is necessary to choose a day and time that would suit all press organs. Morning newspapers do not like to publish materials that were printed the day before in the evening newspapers, or which were reported on the evening radio and television programs. Usually press conferences are scheduled for 11.00 - 11.30 or 14.30 - 16.00. If it comes on a technical topic, it might be better to hold a press conference in the morning to give time for the dailies to prepare a detailed message.

It is also very important to choose a suitable day. In some cases, there is no choice as the application must be made on a specific date. Where there is a choice, care must be taken to ensure that there is no overlap, and the press conference does not coincide with some other important event that could distract the attention of journalists and overshadow press reports about the press conference. Friday is always a bad day to organize this kind of meeting.

Each press conference has its own plan, its own structure, including the sequence of a series of events. The script of the press conference contains a listing of all events of the future meeting, indicating the performers and the time (up to minutes) allotted for each of the parts of a single event: opening, presentation of the hosts (organizers) of the press conference; presenter's opening remarks; speeches (information messages); Questions and answers; closing; unofficial part, including viewing slides, videos, etc. The total duration of the press conference should not exceed 30-50 minutes.

It is also important on preparatory stage press conferences to check the readiness of all departments, for this it is necessary to conduct a rehearsal of all participants. The rehearsal is of particular importance if the participants in the press conference are newcomers who first come out to meet with journalists. However, even for experienced aces of press conferences, a rehearsal is necessary if a television broadcast is planned. During the rehearsal, the readiness of the means of communication is checked, the lighting mode of the site, the interior (with the presidium table), shooting angles, microphones in the hall, etc. are selected. It is also very important to rehearse the questions and answers, which can be done with the help of extras.

Press conference speeches are prepared in advance. They can simply be read, memorized, or recited in an impromptu manner. The nature of these speeches, their structure depends on the goals of the press conference. Social and political issues require a detailed statement with a substantiation of the position, the provision of new information, details and details.

The organizers of the press conferences prepare in advance an information package of documents (press kit), their selection into folders. The package of documents includes press releases, thematic reviews of the press on the topic of press conferences, reference materials, official documents related to the topic of the meeting, expert comments. The texts of the speeches (pre-printed) are placed on a special table, or on an information stand. They are also included in the information package of documents. For a press kit, a branded folder is most often used. A package of documents (press kit) is handed over to journalists in the press conference hall, and is also sent to the editorial offices of accredited journalists who were unable to attend a meeting with the organizers of the press conference.

Organization and holding of conferences

The conference, like any other business event, is hard work, both for the participants themselves and for the organizers. Participants of a conference, congress or seminar in a limited time should discuss the issues they face and make, if necessary, a constructive, balanced decision. Therefore, the task of the secretary in organizing events is to maximize the satisfaction of the tasks set by the Client.

This is a rather complex process that will require a lot of effort and time:

Pick up a conference room;

Create a comfortable atmosphere that meets the format and goals of the business event;

Think over and take into account many organizational issues.

The secretary can suggest various options for holding the event according to the budget and expectations, help you choose the necessary conference equipment, options for coffee breaks and menus for banquets, offer a varied cultural program for the participants of the event, and, if you wish, can coordinate the whole event so as not to miss not a single detail!

The implementation of work on the conference begins after receiving a corresponding request from the Customer. The main requirements for the content of the request are to indicate the start and end dates of the conference and the number of participants, as well as the list of services. Based on this information, a preliminary estimate of the costs of the conference is drawn up and the budget is determined, if it has not been set in advance. But, as a rule, the Customer plans the budget at the stage of making a decision on the organization of the conference. Therefore, most of the cost estimates are based on the budget.

First of all, it is necessary to select a conference venue that will provide comfortable accommodation for the participants, based on the required table and chair arrangement plan (seating plan). The conference venue must also be suitable and have the ability to connect and operate the equipment and technical equipment necessary to organize the conference. After that, the selection of specific equipment is carried out, based on its functional requirements, taking into account the requirements of quality and budget. Also, based on the budget, a menu is selected for coffee breaks, lunches and all other services necessary for organizing and holding a conference.

In order to guarantee the provision of conference participants with hotel rooms, a preliminary reservation is made. The selection of accommodation facilities for foreign or nonresident conference participants is carried out on the basis of the budget, if the payment for the accommodation is made directly by the Customer. If the conference participants pay for their accommodation on their own, the selection of accommodation facilities is carried out on the basis of their preliminary requirements, as a rule, on an alternative basis. The conference participants are provided with several hotels from 3 to 5 stars near the conference venue.

The customer is obliged to inform the conference participants about what services he has outsourced to the company and how communication with the company is carried out. This is done by mailing and posting relevant information on the conference organizer's website with an interactive link to the company's website.

If it is necessary to provide visa support to foreign conference participants, a fee is collected necessary information from the conference participants, as well as sending the relevant documents to the foreign missions of the Russian Federation.

The order of light transport for meeting and seeing off conference participants at airports, their transportation from the hotel to the conference venue (if the event does not take place in the hotel where the participants are accommodated) is carried out either on the basis of the budget, or, if such is not provided for on the terms of payment for services directly conference participants. All types of passenger transport (executive, business, economy class), as well as minibuses and buses are provided.

Organization of excursions, cultural programs, post-congress tours for conference participants and guests is carried out in the same way, either on the basis of the Customer's budget or offered as an option directly to the conference participants. At the same time, payment is collected from the conference participants and the entire range of tourist and excursion services is provided.

All the provisions listed above are reflected in the agreement for the organization and holding of the conference. This agreement is the main document on the basis of which the Customer and the conference participants receive all the services necessary for the conference.

Conducting a conference

Preparations for the conference (ie the work on organizing the conference) can continue until its opening. This is due to the fact that minor changes are always possible during the preparation process. individual elements programs and making additional adjustments to improve the quality of service to members.

The invitation to the conference should be sent out to the invitees at least 2 weeks before its start, and you should be asked to respond to the invitation, since you need to know how many participants will arrive.

The invitation must indicate the place of the meeting, part of the building or building, floor, room, as well as the name of the transport by which it will be possible to get to the designated place.

Care should be taken to ensure that the following is ensured during meetings:

1) a room for meetings for the entire duration of their holding;

2) ensure the passage of those invited through the watch or checkpoint without delay. To do this, it is necessary to draw up a list of invitees in advance and give it to the checkpoint;

3) company cars or taxis for transporting participants from hotels or from the station;

4) service in the meeting room.

The conference starts with the arrival of the first conference participant at the airport and ends with the departure of the last participant. During the entire period of the conference, constant quality control of the provision of services is carried out in accordance with the contract.

If necessary, the receiving party can arrange the presence of its employees at the airport (s), in hotels, at receptions and during the implementation of the cultural program, as well as at other events and facilities, if it is necessary from the point of view of quality assurance.

Employees of the receiving party can register conference participants, collect payment additional services(transport, air tickets, excursion programs, etc.), help in issuing keys at the hotel, check and test electronic equipment, check the timely provision of coffee breaks, lunches and restaurant services, coordinate the supply of vehicles at airports, hotels and other facilities, control the provision of cultural and excursion programs, provide assistance and other services to conference participants, if it is necessary in terms of ensuring the quality of services.

International conferences

History international conferences

The history of international conferences goes back to the distant past. Initially, up to the second half of the 19th century, congresses and conferences were distinguished among international conferences. Congresses usually referred to such international conferences in which the heads of state and government participated and which pursued the conclusion of peace treaties: such, for example, the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the Congress of Aachen in 1818, the Congress of Paris in 1856. However, since the end of the last century and especially since the beginning of the XX century, the term "congress" has completely fallen out of use, and the names "international conference" and "international conference" are increasingly being introduced into the practice of interstate conferences: the Versailles Conference of 1919, the Conference of the Three Great Powers in the period of the Second World War, the Paris Peace Conference, the 1955 Geneva Conference of the Heads of Government of the Four Powers, the 1972-1975 Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, etc.

The term "congress" is most often used in relation to international meetings and meetings of either public organizations or specialists and scientists - the Congress of Peace Forces, the World Congress of Trade Unions, the International Congress of Surgeons, etc.

In the practice of international conferences of socialist states, as a rule, the name "meeting" was adopted. Such are the meetings of party leaders and heads of government of the member states of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance; meetings of the Political Advisory Committee of the Warsaw Pact Organization; meetings of representatives of communist and workers' parties of socialist countries. The convening of conferences has become firmly established in the practice of the international communist movement. Suffice it to recall the Meetings of the Communist and Workers 'Parties in 1960 and 1969, the meetings of the Communist and Workers' Parties of Europe, Latin America, the Middle East, etc.

Of course, international conferences are convened not only at the highest level - heads of state and government. International conferences are widely spread at various levels.

Among modern international conferences, it is necessary to clearly distinguish between two main types: international conferences, which are a sessional body of international organizations, and international conferences of independent significance and convened on this specific issue or issues. However, in the practice of a number of international specialized organizations, the creation of which takes time by the beginning of the 20th or even by the end of the last century, the name “conference” was retained as a sessional representative body of these international organizations.

According to the substantive content of the work and the goals of convening, international conferences and meetings can be subdivided into political international conferences and international conferences on special issues. Depending on the subject matter of the work of international conferences, states determine the type of representation at them.

Over the recent period, international meetings and conferences have become especially frequent. This is largely due to the desire of peoples and peace-loving states to ease tensions in international relations. Particular importance is attached to meetings at the highest state and party levels, that is, meetings of heads of government and states, party leaders, or, as they have come to be called, summit meetings. The combination in one person of the party and state leadership of the country is becoming a common practice of negotiations and meetings at the highest level... It is precisely such meetings that can lead to a serious turn in international relations, for the heads of government and states, top party leaders have the necessary powers and authority to make decisions of major international importance. Of course, the success of such meetings depends primarily on the mutual desire of the participants in the meeting to resolve controversial issues and preparatory work for them.

Each international meeting or conference represents an important stage in the development of international relations and the development of relations between individual countries. Such a meeting is prepared in advance, because you will not get any result from the meeting or end the meeting. complete failure only because of her unpreparedness is by no means evidence of the art of diplomacy.

Meanwhile, the development of international relations and the entire international situation in the 60s and 70s raised the acute issue of abandoning the policy of the "cold war" and confrontation and the transition to a policy of easing international tension and negotiations, which would lead to a turning point in relations between states in the interests of lasting peace and international cooperation. Summit meetings and negotiations, which have become an effective new means of socialist diplomacy, played a crucial role in achieving this turning point.

Preparation, organization and holding of international meetings and conferences

When preparing any international meeting, one should take into account what results can be achieved as a result of such a meeting.

The initiative to convene or the proposal to convene international conferences and meetings belongs to individual states, groups of states and international bodies that have the authority to do so.

In each individual state, the right to propose to convene an international conference or meeting is vested in the bodies of foreign relations - the head of state, head of government, minister of foreign affairs or diplomatic workers specially authorized to show the initiative of convening by their government. A group of states collectively usually takes the initiative in the form of a proposal contained in the communiqué of the meeting of representatives of these states. For example, the proposal to convene a world conference on trade was supported by the member states of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance in the communiqué of the Meeting of the leaders of communist and workers' parties and heads of government of the CMEA member countries, held in Moscow on July 26-28, 1963. The proposal to convene a meeting of representatives of all European countries on security and cooperation in Europe in a concrete form was formulated in March 1969 at the Meeting of the PAC of the Warsaw Pact countries and published in a communiqué about this meeting, and then sent to the governments of all European countries, the USA and Canada

The initiative to convene international conferences can also be shown by the sessional bodies of international organizations. The Charter of the United Nations gives the powers to convene international conferences to the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council and the Trusteeship Council. Of course, the UN Security Council can also show such an initiative.The initiative to convene international conferences of a special, sectoral nature belongs to specialized UN agencies, for example, the Universal Postal Union, the International Telecommunication Union, etc.

When convening sessional bodies of international organizations, the question of the circle of participants and forms of participation does not arise in principle. The participants and the form of participation in the sessions of these bodies are determined by the circle of participants of the organization itself and its charter or agreement that established this organization, its bodies, the circle of their participants and the procedure for the work of these bodies, the question of the circle of participants in a conference or meeting having an independent character is completely different. When convening such conferences, the question of the circle of participants has not been resolved by any document, and it has yet to be resolved. This is one of the most pressing issues, and the conference itself cannot take place without solving it. Who can be a participant and what is the circle of participants? In principle, only sovereign states can participate in international conferences. Proceeding from the principle of the sovereign equality of states, the right of the state concerned cannot be violated either by the initiator of convening the conference when determining the circle of participants, or by all other participants in the conference when discussing and resolving issues affecting the interests of third or third powers.

A gross violation of the rules on participants in international conferences was the Munich agreement of the governments of England and France with Hitler's Germany and fascist Italy.Even Czechoslovakia was not invited to this conference of four, although it was about the fate of Czechoslovakia itself. The USSR was also not invited to the conference, although the USSR and Czechoslovakia were bound by an agreement on mutual assistance. There are many other cases of gross violation by the imperialist powers of international legal norms regarding the circle of participants in conferences convened.

When determining the circle of conference participants, one more point is important. In the practice of bourgeois states, there is also the opposite of the just considered tendency of narrowing the circle of participants - an unjustified expansion of the circle of participants by involving states whose governments are in varying degrees of dependence on the major imperialist powers. By such an unjustified expansion of the circle of participants in the conference, the imperialist powers seek to secure themselves a mechanical majority in discussing issues and making decisions and to create an atmosphere of isolation for states that hold different positions on these issues or issues. There are, for example, serious disputes over the circle of participants in the Paris Peace Conference of 1946, when the United States and Britain tried to infinitely expand the composition of its participants in order to get the maximum number of supporters of their line in formulating the terms of peace treaties after the Second World War.

Thus, the convocation of an international conference and meeting is possible only if the issue of the circle of participants is agreed upon.

The next question about participation in the conference is the question of representation at the conference from states and the form of participation in the conference.

States exercise the right to participate in international conferences through their representative bodies or special representatives to whom powers have been delegated on behalf of and on behalf of the constitutional central bodies of external relations. The constitutional bodies of foreign relations - the head of state, the head of government, the minister of foreign affairs - do not have special powers to represent the state at the conference, since the representation of the state by these bodies of foreign relations is determined by the very constitution of this state.

States participating in international conferences are considered only those that send their representatives; the absence of a representative is considered as a refusal to participate in the conference. So, in 1907, only 44 states took part in the second Hague Conference, although 47 states were invited.

The modern practice of international conferences knows three forms of participation: 1) plenipotentiary delegations with a decisive vote; 2) observers and informants with only an advisory vote; and 3) representatives from international organizations, who are not considered as observers and informants, although they basically have the same rights as observers and do not have a casting vote.

The sovereignty of the states participating in the conference also implies the international legal status of their representatives, who enjoy the so-called diplomatic immunity. However, the amount of diplomatic immunity is not the same for representatives of states at conferences of various levels and purposes, and corresponds mainly to the official level of the representatives of states participating in the conference. Diplomatic immunity is fully enjoyed, as a rule, only by representatives of diplomatic, political in their form and content of the work of conferences. Diplomatic immunity extends to representatives of the central constitutional bodies of foreign relations of states. For delegations of specialized conferences convened by specialized international organizations, for example, conferences of the International Metric Union, diplomatic immunity is not fully recognized, although such representatives enjoy the inviolability of persons and papers, the right to a diplomatic passport.

Rules of procedure and forms of work

Usually, at the very first meeting of a conference or meeting, the chairman is determined or the principle of chairmanship is established, the vice-chairman (by no means always), the secretary and other main bodies of the conference, if the participants have not agreed on all this in advance. The regulations of some conferences provide for delegations to surrender their credentials and verify them before the opening day. To verify credentials, a Credentials Committee or Credentials Commission is usually elected. An editorial committee is elected to prepare and agree on texts, working and official documents. Depending on the need, other bodies of the conference or meeting are formed - committees and commissions.

Plenary sessions of conferences and meetings are usually held in public unless otherwise decided by the conference itself. At the beginning of the conference, if no preliminary decisions are made, the official and working languages ​​of the conference and its documents are determined. However, each delegate, regardless of whether his country's language is recognized as an official or working language, usually speaks in his own language. But all documents and proceedings of the conference are published only in the languages ​​accepted by the conference.

Under the conditions of the "cold war" policy pursued by the imperialist powers, sometimes it was impossible to organize a common secretariat, and at a number of conferences each delegation had its own secretariat, and already in the course of the conference the work was coordinated. Only meetings or conferences held on behalf of the UN have a common secretariat, the work of which is supported by the staff of the UN Secretariat. The main thing that needs to be provided is the translation of speeches and documents. Usually the country in which the conference is held takes over the entire technical side of the matter and establishes the procedure for recording, verbatim and reproduction of documents, which is agreed with representatives of the secretariats of delegations. When leaving for the conference, the appropriate heads of delegations and advisers are appointed. A delegation may consist of several delegates, but the number of delegates does not matter from the point of view of the balance of power. Voting is made only by delegations with a casting vote. Each delegation, regardless of the number of its members, has only one vote, since it represents only one state and since it is the states that participate in the conferences. The decisions taken by the majority of votes, as a rule, do not bind the minority disagreeing with them, but are obligatory for the states that voted for these decisions. By agreement between the conference participants, another order can be adopted.

In recent years, in connection with the change in the balance of forces in the international arena, the principle of resolving all issues by agreement, and not by voting, is increasingly being applied in the practice of international conferences and even the work of permanent bodies. This practice has become common in the work of, for example, the Disarmament Commission, the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space and a number of other international bodies. It is formalized by the relevant rules of procedure or decisions taken by these bodies. This practice testifies to the impossibility in the current international situation of solving important issues by imposing someone else's will on any states. This is also reflected in the increased role and influence of states, which cannot be imposed on any solutions that are unacceptable to them. At the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, held from 1972-1975 in Helsinki and Geneva, the rule of consensus was established from the outset. Upon arrival at the meeting, delegations usually agree in advance on the procedure for opening the meeting and on the first organizational steps of the meeting.

In addition to convening plenary meetings, committees or commissions are created in which the rough work is carried out. After general debate or in the process of general debate, the working commissions agree on certain projects, prepare certain decisions. It often happens that at plenary sessions it is not possible to reach unanimity even on simple issues due to the conflicting positions of various delegations. Then, to negotiate, the delegations enter into informal diplomatic negotiations. This is done both in commissions, committees, and at various breakfasts, receptions, etc. Such semi-formal negotiations provide an opportunity to find ways for a compromise solution, since in official speeches at an international conference it is risky to come up with a compromise proposal without first finding out the possible reaction of your partner to this proposal.

At the 1954 Geneva meeting, when the question of ending the war in Vietnam was discussed, it was through unofficial negotiations that an agreed solution was reached. British Prime Minister Eden and French Prime Minister Mendes-France agreed to a compromise because the situation was hopeless for their countries. In France, they demanded an immediate end to the protracted heavy war, in England they also saw the futility of the war in Vietnam and sought a peaceful settlement of the situation in Southeast Asia, fearing for stability in the colonial possessions of England in this area. On the basis of an unofficial compromise agreement, it was possible to find a solution acceptable to the USSR, China, England and France, which, however, was opposed by the United States. The United States, and above all Dulles personally with his notorious "positions of strength" policy, suffered a serious defeat.

Informal negotiations with the US delegation, as well as with the delegations of Britain and France, were conducted by the Soviet delegation at the meetings of the Subcommittee of the UN Disarmament Commission in 1957. In the Committee of 18 States on Disarmament, the practice of informal negotiations and preliminary agreement on issues between the two co-chairs has become common. In the course of such negotiations, the positions of the parties are gradually revealed and mutual concessions are outlined. At the same time, the main issues are being discussed at the official meetings.

Both bilateral and multilateral negotiations require diplomatic flexibility in finding acceptable solutions that would meet the main vital interests of the parties and, at the same time, could allow one or another formulation in which, for different reasons, each of the parties is interested. Achieving such acceptable solutions in the course of negotiations requires patience and skillful use of various diplomatic techniques on the part of each negotiator, which often continues outside meetings, even during certain protocol events.

As negotiations often take place after official meetings, the probing of possible concessions from each side is carried out, so the negotiators are painstakingly looking for mutually acceptable formulations.

Soviet diplomacy attaches great importance to publicity at conferences. As a rule, Soviet representatives stood for broad coverage of the conferences in the press. Therefore, great importance is attached to the work of representatives of the press. Representatives of the press department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs take part in major meetings and organize press conferences. Often after each meeting, delegations organize press conferences that highlight the progress of the conference, and provide answers to the most pressing questions. Interviews are also given to selected prominent correspondents and other measures are taken to communicate the positions of delegations to the public. All this plays an important role in winning over public opinion, which has a definite impact on the course and outcome of international conferences. During the long-term work of the Committee of 18 States on Disarmament in Geneva in 1962-1964, as well as in subsequent years, the Soviet delegation regularly held press conferences at which the representatives of the delegation informed about the position of the USSR on the most important issues of disarmament, thereby helping the public to understand the maneuvers opponents of disarmament and mobilizing public opinion in support of the cause of disarmament.

Usually, before leaving for a conference, a delegation receives directives from its government on the issues being discussed. Such guidelines are essential for a successful conference. It is necessary to foresee the main possible moves of the enemy so that the delegation has the opportunity to maneuver during the conference. These guidelines are worked out well in advance and are being prepared thoroughly with the participation of all competent people. But no directives can cover the entire range of emerging issues.

Therefore, during the conference, the delegation, on the basis of an exchange of views, taking into account different opinions, develops its tactical steps and either directly implements them if they correspond to the general line of directives, or, if it is necessary to change this line, coordinates such changes with the center and receives appropriate instructions.

Web conferencing are a set of technologies and tools used to conduct collaboration, meetings and business negotiations in real time through the use of the Internet. The wide possibilities of holding such meetings allow network users, being in different points, to carry out joint work with documentation and software, view video material and various images, as well as conduct presentations. For many people, the synchronization of browsing sites and applications is extremely important, so for them using web conferencing technology is a fairly correct solution. Distinctive feature its implementation lies in the fact that all participants can communicate while at their own workplace.

Thanks to functionality software, there are several types and types of web conferencing. First of all, it should be said that the video conferencing system is represented by various formats of communication, determined by the needs of its participants, their number, and also the role assigned to them. So, for example, a person can be both a “speaker” (that is, a speaker) and a “listener”. There are such main types of video conferencing as conference call, online conference, video call and symmetric group video conference. Each of these types has its own advantages and differences, which will be discussed below.

Web conferencing service capabilities may include tools such as screen sharing or individual application sharing. This service is called "screen sharing". In the "whiteboard" mode, participants have access to an interactive whiteboard. For synchronous web browsing, dubbed co-browsing, presentations, attendee presence monitoring, screen annotation, text chat, integrated VoIP and video conferencing, and web conferencing.

In addition to these, services such as the ability to change the host, gain access over the keyboard and mouse, moderation of ongoing meetings, and recording the progress of negotiations are often used. Latest service it is quite useful in those situations when the participant could not attend the meeting for some reason. Feedback is often used in surveys or assessments. In order to better conduct a meeting, a service such as a scheduler is used. In addition, with the help of this software, you can invite participants, which significantly reduces the material costs of paying for expensive phone calls.

Personal video calls over the Internet

Personal videoconference (point-to-point). The most elementary type of video conferencing, which allows two conference participants to communicate freely and on equal terms via the Internet: not only hear, but also see each other, as well as exchange text messages, photo, audio and video files. This type of videoconference completely replaces the next business meeting and significantly saves you time and money.

In telemedicine for the organization of consultations, it is the video call that is most often used.

Symmetric group web conferencing

The next type of conference over the Internet or a local network is a symmetric group video conference ("multiconference"). This type of video conferencing allows several participants to communicate simultaneously on equal terms. This format of organizing an Internet conference completely replaces a multilateral meeting, negotiations or a seminar: the participants perfectly see and hear each other, exchange opinions and can collectively make decisions.

Conference call

In a conference call, a videoconference scheme is implemented for three participants, each of which plays its own role: Presenter (person from the audience), Speaker and Host of the Internet conference. In this type of video conferencing, for three active participants, there may be many passive observers, each of whom on his monitor will see the name of the person to whom this moment the right to speak is granted. The organization of an Internet conference of this type allows each of the participants, with the permission of the Moderator, to make a speech as a Speaker or Speaker from the audience.

Web conferencing over the Internet

This type of Internet conferencing allows you to arrange meetings and presentations online. The organization of Internet conferences such as a web conference frees its organizers from the need to rent a room, and the participants from wasting time on moving. This quality of web conferencing is especially important if guests are invited from other cities. Thanks to the advent of web conferences, organizers of presentations and seminars are able to attract a wider audience of listeners, and participants in such web conferences can save time and money. To participate in the web conference, each of the listeners only needs to be at the computer at the agreed time, to be connected to the network and to other participants in the Internet conference using the "client-server" technology. To view a presentation in a web conference, it is most often required to install on the participant's personal computer, in addition to the Internet conferencing software, such additional applications as Java or Flash.

Webinar

A special case of a web conference is a webinar (webinar) - a special type of video conference in which users are not full participants. Figuratively speaking, there are "lecturers" and "students" in the webinar. The lecturer in this Internet conference, as in this lecture, is endowed with the right to full-fledged broadcasting, as well as the ability to "control knowledge" or receive questions from the audience. Internet conference participants can send and receive these questions and answers to them via chat.

So, in conclusion, we will draw the following conclusions.

The conference is one of the key events in the information exchange system. A conference is a presentation of speakers on a specific topic.

Allocate different kinds conferences, among them - scientific, business (or business conferences), press conferences, international.

The purpose of the conference is to discuss and solve various problems. It assumes the authority of the source of news, obtaining information "first-hand", the ability to check information and clarify versions using questions.

Moreover, this is an event that requires serious preparation and professional efforts to carry it out. Therefore, when deciding to hold a conference, it is necessary to consider the possibility of replacing it with another event (presentation, press lunch, etc.).

The purpose of the conference is open public communication with experts in this field. At the same time, it should be effective - mutually beneficial for all parties.

The conference must have a developed scenario. It (ideally) should invite only specialists who are dedicated to the problem under consideration, and work persistently to form a circle of them.

Much depends on the “first person” acting as the speaker. If it is not capable of conducting a public discussion, it is better to refuse the conference for a while.

During the days of the conference, an important role is played by the support staff, whose task is to meet and place the conference participants in the hall, with the preliminary entry of their names into the registration list, as well as check the audio amplification and video presentation equipment.

A scientific conference is a gathering of novice and experienced scientists who gather to present their new work and important discoveries in science. The topic is specific, and not every student will be interested, however, for the purpose of self-education, it should also be carefully studied.

What is a scientific conference?

In terms of Scientific Conference is one of the most common forms of organizing scientific activity, where researchers demonstrate, explain and declare their new work for the purpose of further discussion.

Simply put, a scientific conference is something between a congress and a seminar. Such events are held in universities, often becoming an important component of the curriculum of a master's or graduate student.

For those who want to link their future life and career with science, this is a unique opportunity not only to declare themselves, but also to acquire profitable acquaintances, to surprise everyone with their analytical mindset and striving for science. In general, one successful and promising discovery - and you are in the center of everyone's attention!

You can also distinguish yourself by participating in discussions, since all achievements, reports and discoveries at a scientific conference are massively discussed, questioned and defended by the speaker. However, for everything to go flawlessly, it is important to know how to prepare for a scientific conference so that after your speech you do not end up "in a puddle".

What kind of reports are you talking about?

Among the declared works in the scientific conference are the works of teachers, which they have been preparing for more than one day; discoveries of graduate students, presented not only in visual form, but also in written form; as well as prepared topics for discussion.

It is important to understand that it will be very difficult for an unprepared person to navigate in terms and definitions, which means that a scientific conversation will very soon come to naught.

To prevent this from happening, and the topic of conversation continued to be present, proceeding in a friendly, lively atmosphere, it is required to prepare in advance and carefully read the declared topics of the reports.

This will allow you to feel your own competence in the issue under discussion, and in general it is pleasant and useful to spend your free time.

By the way, graduate students are required to attend such events without fail, since their dissertation will also be subject to public discussion and loud debate.

Organizational arrangements and structure of the scientific conference

Speaking in more detail about the scientific conference, it is a cultural event planned in advance and organized at the highest level. To avoid any incidents, it is important to know that this event is carried out in stages.

First, every participant wishing to attend a scientific conference must pre-register... Moreover, upon registration, he will be provided with the program of the event with the number of the sequence of his speech - for order, so to speak.

Secondly, any conference starts from the speech of its organizers, patrons and sponsors. In general, at this stage, it remains only to get a little bored and clap your eyes, making the traditional interested and enthusiastic look.

Thirdly, all invitees are "sorted" by tables. These are the so-called "sections" where like-minded people and allies of the same interests gather. As a rule, one or two give a presentation, and all the rest first delve into, and then take a direct part in the discussion.

Fourth, after verbal debate and scientific barbs a buffet table opens where you can not only take a breath, but also change your mood, make new acquaintances and establish yourself as a pleasant and well-read interlocutor.

Fifth, nonresident conference participants are offered a cultural program of an overview nature, but at will.
And the last step is publication of a collection of scientific papers, however, sometimes this edition may be handed out even during the registration of delegates.

In general, nothing superfluous, the main thing is that everything is restrained, official and, of course, extremely scientific. A common man in the street at such a cultural event will simply be uninteresting, and he looks like a white crow.

Therefore, even for fun, in order not to get into an uncomfortable situation, it is recommended to be at least superficially aware of what is happening in order to be able to timely insert your “five cents”.

Types of scientific conferences

As mentioned above, a scientific conference is a thematic event, which, among other things, has its own clear classification.

Scientific and practical conference;

Scientific and theoretical conference;

Scientific and technical conference.

In the first case, the speakers not only read out their work, but also substantiate it with calculations, theorems, axioms, numerous formulas, tables, graphs and drawings.

In the second case, there is a stream of theory, which sometimes causes boredom and despondency, since not everyone is able to perceive by ear. new information, especially of a scientific nature.

Well, the scientific and technical conference will delight you with new discoveries, unique achievements and the most unexpected innovations that you can not only see, but also personally touch.

Ideally, teachers and graduate students should take part in all conferences, demonstrating their comprehensive knowledge, but you can also choose your “strong point” and prove yourself from the best side in at least one direction.

Student and scientific conference

Today, many students have already finally made sure that their future careers will be unambiguously linked with science.

They begin to punch the ground for graduate school, as a rule, already in the third year, making it clear to the teachers that they are interested in a particular subject.

In senior courses, they openly declare their desire to become a graduate student, and on the recommendation of the teacher, they begin to actively attend scientific conferences, later - to take direct part in them.

Other students, who already do not like to go to couples, let alone future scientific activities, should understand that such an event is voluntary, and no one has the right to drag you there by force.

And, nevertheless, many teachers go to the cunning and remove students from pairs to organize extras at their scientific conference.

Of course, this act is motivated more nobly, for example, like this: “A student must constantly broaden his horizons, so attending a scientific conference will be very useful for his promising future. Well, or something like that.

Advice to the student: you should not take such a forced invitation with hostility, all the more indignant about this in the dean's office.

The student is a forced bird, and what cannot be done, if only the teacher at the next session does not follow the principle.
It is better to put up with it and visit this cultural event, especially since here you can really get a lot of useful information for yourself (if, of course, you delve into the speech of the speaker).

If you also see yourself as a speaker in the future, then it is best not to miss scientific conferences ever.

This is a unique opportunity not only to analyze someone else's work and do "work on mistakes", but also to learn the correct manner of communication with scientists, competent presentation of your report and inner peace.

The main question arises, how to prepare a student for a scientific conference? The main thing here is not to fuss, but to follow a clearly described plan.

How to thoroughly prepare for a scientific conference?

The library and the Internet will help you more than ever. The fact is that a finished report is one thing, but its correct presentation and presentation is quite another. The speaker must explain the method of his research in the most accessible language, so that a person who is completely unfamiliar with science understands at least ten percent of what is at stake.

There should be no problems with the design of your work: if you studied at the university, then you are well acquainted with all GOSTs, requirements and rules. Difficulties will begin at the end of your speech, when the turn of the discussion comes.

Do not think that everyone will be wildly delighted with your work, as you are, because most of those present are unambiguously critical and skeptical, which means that additional questions and big doubts can certainly not be avoided.

The task of the speaker is to adequately defend his work, while leaving the most positive impression on everyone present and the absence of any questions on the topic of what he heard.

It is not easy to do this, since far from gathering at the scientific conference stupid people who are used to operating with proven facts, axioms and inviolable laws.

That is why, on the eve of this important event, it is required to stock up on reference literature in large quantities, while studying the opinion of various authors on the subject of work.

Additionally, it does not hurt to "flip through" the pages world wide web and find out all the new items and the latest discoveries on the topic, and, of course, download those publications that were absent in the library.

Preparation must be thorough, and then victory will allow you to rise to a completely new level of knowledge and, in part, consider yourself a full-fledged research worker. And such a bonus is expensive, because a bright future in science can be considered assured.

Conclusion: You still don't know what a scientific conference is? Have you already hosted a scientific conference and more than one in your life? Then you definitely come here, because the real opinion of a researcher is very valuable and important for us!

Now you know how to prepare for a scientific conference.